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词条 NF-kB信号通路
释义

英文版本

Nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates expression of a large number of genes that are critical for the regulation of apoptosis, viral replication, tumorigenesis, inflammation, and various autoimmune diseases. The activation of NF-kB is thought to be part of a stress response as it is activated by a variety of stimuli that include growth factors, cytokines, lymphokines, UV, pharmacological agents, and stress. In its inactive form, NF-kB is sequestered in the cytoplasm, bound by members of the IkB family of inhibitor proteins, which include IkBa, IkBb, IkBg, and IkBe. The various stimuli that activate NF-kB cause phosphorylation of IkB, which is followed by its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. This results in the exposure of the nuclear localization signals (NLS) on NF-kB subunits and the subsequent translocation of the molecule to the nucleus. In the nucleus, NF-kB binds with a consensus sequence (5'GGGACTTTCC-3') of various genes and thus activates their transcription. IkB proteins are phosphorylated by IkB kinase complex consisting of at least three proteins; IKK1/IKKa, IKK2/IKKb, and IKK3/IKKg. These enzymes phosphorylate IkB leading to its ubiquitination and degradation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) which is the best-studied activator binds to its receptor and recruits a protein called TNF receptor death domain (TRADD). TRADD binds to the TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF-2) that recruits NF-kB-inducible kinase (NIK). Both IKK1 and IKK2 have canonical sequences that can be phosphorylated by the MAP kinase NIK/MEKK1 and both kinases can independently phosphorylate IkBa or IkBb. TRAF-2 also interacts with A20, a zinc finger protein whose expression is induced by agents that activate NF-kB. A20 functions to block TRAF2-mediated NF-kB activation. A20 also inhibits TNF and IL-1 induced activation of NF-kB suggesting that it may act as a general inhibitor of NF-kB activation.

中文版本

哺乳动物的转录因子NF-kB家族由P50(P105的处理产物,两者都被称为NF-kB1),P52(p100的处理产物,两者都被称为NF-kB2),REL(也被称为cREL),REL-A(也被称为P65)和REL-B。这些蛋白质二聚化去形成功能的NF-kB。除了REL-B只能与P50或者P52有效的结合外,存在所有的同源或异源二聚体组合的可能性,并且都具有NF-kB 的活性。每一个NF-kB家族的成员都有一个保守的REL同源区(RHD),它包含三种类型的基序:结合特异性DNA序列的基序;二聚化的基序;和一个核定位的基序,也被称为核定位信号(NLS)。P50型的NF-kB1及P52型的NF-kB2 包含仅仅一个RHD,而REL、REL-A、和REL-B除包含一个RHD外,还包含一个转录活化区。在没有刺激的细胞中,大部分的NF-kB 二聚体通过与细胞质中三个抑制因子(IkBa、IkBβ、IkBε)中的一个结合而以无活性的状态存在。这些抑制因子通过它们的锚蛋白区与NF-kB二聚体结合,掩盖至少一个NLSs。原型抑制因子IkBa,也阻止其结合的二聚体与DNA的结合,并且通过其末端的一个氨基末端输出序列促进二聚体的出核作用。

各种信号通过降解IkBs的方式来活化NF-kB,活化的NF-kB然后进入细胞核内与DNA结合。IkBs首先是在IkBs激酶(IKK)催化下使其的两个保守的丝氨酸残基磷酸化。IKK是由一个调节亚单位,IKK-γ(也被称为NEMO)和两个催化亚单位IKK-a,IKKβ组成。接着IkBs在SCF-E3泛素化酶复合体的催化作用下多泛素化而被蛋白酶降解。活化的NF-kB转位到核内与与其相关的DNA基序结合以诱导靶基因的转录。包括多种病原的组分例如脂多糖,前炎性细胞因子,如TNF、IL-1及丝裂原等在内的多种信号活化这种途径。依赖Ikk-和IKK-降解IkBs的NF-kB活化途径被称为经典的NF-kB活化途径。其他的不被人所熟知的途径也能从IkBs中活化部分的NF-kB。这些途径包括 氨酸磷酸化诱导的IkBs解离途径和 蛋白激酶-2诱导的IkBs的流动加快的方式。释放后的NF-kB可以通过例如修饰自身的亚单位的方式来影响自身的转录激活效能。活化的NF-kB快速的诱导编码IkBa的基因的转录,因此产生高水平的自身抑制剂。新合成的自由的IkBa进入细胞核内,然后使DNA上NF-kB解离并且将NF-kB排出细胞核,因而恢复到静息状态。

广泛的IkBs家族也包括P50和P52前体形式的NF-kB1和NF-kB2,分别是P105和P100。除了P50和P52序列外,这些前体还包括IkB样的锚蛋白区,它抑制与其相关的NF-kB亚单位的活性。从前体产生P50和P52的过程还没有被人完全的理解,但他需要翻译时和翻译后的蛋白酶的加工处理活动。在翻译的同时有就会组成性的产生约等量的P50和P105,虽然这时P50还没有加工完成。P52的产生主要但不完全是由于信号诱导的P100的加工完成的。不像是IkBa、IkBβ、IkBε的降解,信号诱导的磷酸化及加工P100成P52不需要经典的IKK-γ依赖的信号途径。IKK-a和NF-kB诱导激酶(NIK)是必不可少的,但IKK-β和IKK-γ是不需要的。因而这个途径又被称为非经典的,替代的或者新的NF-kB活化途径。虽然非经典的途径并不作用于未经处理的P105,但经典的途径可以有时可以像降解IkBs那样被完全的降解,因此释放被结合的NF-kB家族成员。

REL-B很少与小IkBs结合,而P100是其主要的抑制子。非传统的途径加工处理P100产生P52-REL-B二聚体。肿瘤坏死因子超家族成员包括B细胞活化因子(BAFF,也被称为BLYS)、CD40配体、淋巴细胞毒素 和NF-kB受体活化因子配体(也被称为TRANCER)能够诱导P100的加工处理。

转自生物谷

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更新时间:2024/12/23 12:09:23