| 词条 | JEL分类号 |
| 释义 | JEL分类系统，是美国经济学会《经济文献杂志》（Journal of Economic Literature)所创立的对经济学文献的主题分类系统，并被现代西方经济学界广泛采用。该分类方法主要采用开头的一个英文字母与随后的两位阿拉伯数字一起对经济学各部类进行“辞书式”编码分类。 A-经济学总论和教学(A1 A2 A3) B-经济学思想流派和方法论(B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5) C-数理和数量方法(C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9) D-微观经济学(D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9) E-宏观经济学和货币经济学(E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6) H-公共经济学(H0 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8) I-卫生经济学，教育经济学和福利经济学(I0 I1 I2 I3) J-劳动经济学和人口经济学(J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8) L-产业组织(L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9) M-企业管理和商务经济学;市场营销学;会计学(M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) N-经济史(N0 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9) O- 经济发展，技术变迁和增长(O1 O2 O3 O4 O5) Q-农业经济学和自然资源经济学(Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5) A-经济学总论和教学（ A- General Economics and Teaching ） A1A1 - General Economics A10 - General A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values A14 - Sociology of Economics A19 - Other A2A2 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics A20 - General A21 - Pre-college A22 - Undergraduate A23 - Graduate A29 - Other A3A3 - Multisubject Collective Works A30 - General A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals A32 - Multisubject Volumes A39 - Other B-经济学思想流派和方法论( B-Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology ) B0B0 - General B00 - General B1B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925 B10 - General B11 - Preclassical B12 - Classical B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 B14 - Socialist; Marxist B15 - Historical; Institutional B16 - Quantitative B19 - Other B2B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925 B20 - General B21 - Microeconomics B22 - Macroeconomics B23 - Econometrics; Quantitative Studies B24 - Socialist; Marxist B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian B29 - Other B3B3 - History of Thought: Individuals B30 - General B31 - Individuals B4B4 - Economic Methodology B40 - General B41 - Economic Methodology B49 - Other B5B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches B50 - General B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary B53 - Austrian B59 - Other C-数理和数量方法(C-Mathematical and Quantitative Methods) C0C0 - General C00 - General C1C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General C10 - General C11 - Bayesian Analysis C12 - Hypothesis Testing C13 - Estimation C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods; Monte Carlo Methods; Bootstrap Methods C16 - Specific Distributions C19 - Other C2C2 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables C20 - General C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models C22 - Time-Series Models C23 - Models with Panel Data C24 - Truncated and Censored Models C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models C29 - Other C3C3 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables C30 - General C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models C32 - Time-Series Models C33 - Models with Panel Data C34 - Truncated and Censored Models C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models C39 - Other C4C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics C40 - General C41 - Duration Analysis C42 - Survey Methods C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation C44 - Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics C49 - Other C5C5 - Econometric Modeling C50 - General C51 - Model Construction and Estimation C52 - Model Evaluation and Testing C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications C59 - Other C6C6 - Mathematical Methods and Programming C60 - General C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium C63 - Computational Techniques C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools C67 - Input–Output Models C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models C69 - Other C7C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory C70 - General C71 - Cooperative Games C72 - Noncooperative Games C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory C79 - Other C8C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs C80 - General C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data C87 - Econometric Software C88 - Other Computer Software C89 - Other C9C9 - Design of Experiments C90 - General C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior C93 - Field Experiments C99 - Other D-微观经济学(D-Microeconomics) D0D0 - General D00 - General D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations D1D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics D10 - General D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation D14 - Personal Finance D18 - Consumer Protection D19 - Other D2D2 - Production and Organizations D20 - General D21 - Firm Behavior D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights D24 - Production; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity D29 - Other D3D3 - Distribution D30 - General D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions D33 - Factor Income Distribution D39 - Other D4D4 - Market Structure and Pricing D40 - General D41 - Perfect Competition D42 - Monopoly D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection D44 - Auctions D45 - Rationing; Licensing D46 - Value Theory D49 - Other D5D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium D50 - General D51 - Exchange and Production Economies D52 - Incomplete Markets D57 - Input–Output Tables and Analysis D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models D59 - Other D6D6 - Welfare Economics D60 - General D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost–Benefit Analysis D62 - Externalities D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement D64 - Altruism D69 - Other D7D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making D70 - General D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation D79 - Other D8D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty D80 - General D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge D84 - Expectations; Speculations D85 - Network Formation D86 - Economics of Contract Law D89 - Other D9D9 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth D90 - General D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing D99 - Other E-宏观经济学和货币经济学(E-Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics) E0E0 - General E00 - General E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth E1E1 - General Aggregative Models E10 - General E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian E13 - Neoclassical E17 - Forecasting and Simulation E19 - Other E2E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment E20 - General E21 - Consumption; Saving E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity E23 - Production E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy E27 - Forecasting and Simulation E29 - Other E3E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles E30 - General E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles E37 - Forecasting and Simulation E39 - Other E4E4 - Money and Interest Rates E40 - General E41 - Demand for Money E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy E47 - Forecasting and Simulation E49 - Other E5E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit E50 - General E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects) E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies E59 - Other E6E6 -Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook E60 - General E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination E62 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes E66 - General Outlook and Conditions E69 - Other F- 国际经济学(F-International Economics) F0F0 - General F00 - General F01 - Global Outlook F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations ·Economic Integration and Globalization: General F1F1 - Trade F10 - General F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade F15 - Economic Integration F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation F18 - Trade and Environment F19 - Other F2F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business F20 - General F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements F22 - International Migration F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business F29 - Other F3F3 - International Finance F30 - General F31 - Foreign Exchange F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems F35 - Foreign Aid F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation F39 - Other F4F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance F40 - General F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies F47 - Forecasting and Simulation F49 - Other G-金融经济学(G-Financial Economics) G0G0 - General G00 - General G1G1 - General Financial Markets G10 - General G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions G12 - Asset Pricing G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies G15 - International Financial Markets G18 - Government Policy and Regulation G19 - Other G2G2 - Financial Institutions and Services G20 - General G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Mortgages G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies G23 - Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage G28 - Government Policy and Regulation G29 - Other G3G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance G30 - General G31 - Capital Budgeting; Investment Policy G32 - Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance G35 - Payout Policy G38 - Government Policy and Regulation G39 - Other H-公共经济学(H-Public Economics) H0H0 - General H00 - General H1H1 - Structure and Scope of Government H10 - General H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government H19 - Other H2H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue H20 - General H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation H22 - Incidence H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies H26 - Tax Evasion H27 - Other Sources of Revenue H29 - Other H3H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents H30 - General H31 - Household H32 - Firm H39 - Other H4H4 - Publicly Provided Goods H40 - General H41 - Public Goods H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate H49 - Other H5H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies H50 - General H51 - Government Expenditures and Health H52 - Government Expenditures and Education H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions H56 - National Security and War H57 - Procurement H59 - Other H6H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt H60 - General H61 - Budget; Budget Systems H62 - Deficit; Surplus H63 - Debt; Debt Management H69 - Other H7H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations H70 - General H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects H74 - State and Local Borrowing H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism H79 - Other H8H8 - Miscellaneous Issues H80 - General H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits H82 - Governmental Property H83 - Public Administration H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods H89 - Other I-卫生经济学，教育经济学和福利经济学(I-Health, Education and Welfare) I0I0 - General I00 - General I1I1 - Health I10 - General I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health I19 - Other I2I2 - Education I20 - General I21 - Analysis of Education I22 - Educational Finance I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions I28 - Government Policy I29 - Other I3I3 - Welfare and Poverty I30 - General I31 - General Welfare; Basic Needs; Living Standards; Quality of Life; Happiness I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs I39 - Other J-劳动经济学和人口经济学(J-Labour and Demographic Economics) J0J0 - General J00 - General J1J1 - Demographic Economics J10 - General J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination J17 - Value of Life; Foregone Income J18 - Public Policy J19 - Other J2J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human Capital J20 - General J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply J23 - Employment Determination; Job Creation; Demand for Labor; Self-Employment J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy J29 - Other J3J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs J30 - General J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc. J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods J38 - Public Policy J39 - Other J4J4 - Particular Labor Markets J40 - General J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models, Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets J48 - Public Policy J49 - Other J5J5 - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining J50 - General J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining J53 - Labor–Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms J58 - Public Policy J59 - Other J6J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies J60 - General J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings J68 - Public Policy J69 - Other J7J7 - Labor Discrimination J70 - General J71 - Discrimination J78 - Public Policy J79 - Other J8J8 - Labor Standards: National and International J80 - General J81 - Working Conditions J82 - Labor Force Composition J83 - Workers' Rights J88 - Public Policy J89 - Other K-法律和经济学(K-Law and Economics) K0K0 - General K00 - General K1K1 - Basic Areas of Law K10 - General K11 - Property Law K12 - Contract Law K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability K14 - Criminal Law K19 - Other K2K2 - Regulation and Business Law K20 - General K21 - Antitrust Law K22 - Corporation and Securities Law K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law K29 - Other K3K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law K30 - General K31 - Labor Law K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law K33 - International Law K34 - Tax Law K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law K39 - Other K4K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior K40 - General K41 - Litigation Process K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law K49 - Other L-产业组织(L-Industrial Organization) L0L0 - General L00 - General L1L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance L10 - General L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices L19 - Other L2L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior L20 - General L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical Integration; Conglomerates L23 - Organization of Production L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales L29 - Other L3L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise L30 - General L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs L32 - Public Enterprises L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out L39 - Other L4L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies L40 - General L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations L49 - Other L5L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy L50 - General L51 - Economics of Regulation L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods L53 - Government Promotion of Firms L59 - Other L6L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing L60 - General L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables L69 - Other L7L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction L70 - General L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper L74 - Construction L78 - Government Policy L79 - Other L8L8 - Industry Studies: Services L80 - General L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.) L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services L85 - Real Estate Services L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software L87 - Postal and Delivery Services L88 - Government Policy L89 - Other L9L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities L90 - General L91 - Transportation: General L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports L93 - Air Transportation L94 - Electric Utilities L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities L96 - Telecommunications L97 - Utilities: General L98 - Government Policy L99 - Other M-企业管理和商务经济学;市场营销学;会计学(M-Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting) M0M0 - General M00 - General M1M1 - Business Administration M10 - General M11 - Production Management M12 - Personnel Management M13 - Entrepreneurship M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility M19 - Other M2M2 - Business Economics M20 - General M21 - Business Economics M29 - Other M3M3 - Marketing and Advertising M30 - General M31 - Marketing M37 - Advertising M39 - Other M4M4 - Accounting and Auditing M40 - General M41 - Accounting M42 - Auditing M49 - Other M5M5 - Personnel Economics M50 - General M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues) M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues) M53 - Training M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, job satisfaction) M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; Other M59 - Other N-经济史(N-Economic History) N0N0 - General N00 - General N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods N1N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations N10 - General, International, or Comparative N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– N13 - Europe: Pre-1913 N14 - Europe: 1913– N15 - Asia including Middle East N16 - Latin America; Caribbean N17 - Africa; Oceania N2N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions N20 - General, International, or Comparative N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– N23 - Europe: Pre-1913 N24 - Europe: 1913– N25 - Asia including Middle East N26 - Latin America; Caribbean N27 - Africa; Oceania N3N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth N30 - General, International, or Comparative N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– N33 - Europe: Pre-1913 N34 - Europe: 1913– N35 - Asia including Middle East N36 - Latin America; Caribbean N37 - Africa; Oceania N4N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation N40 - General, International, or Comparative N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– N43 - Europe: Pre-1913 N44 - Europe: 1913– N45 - Asia including Middle East N46 - Latin America; Caribbean N47 - Africa; Oceania N5N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries N50 - General, International, or Comparative N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– N53 - Europe: Pre-1913 N54 - Europe: 1913– N55 - Asia including Middle East N56 - Latin America; Caribbean N57 - Africa; Oceania N6N6 - Manufacturing and Construction N60 - General, International, or Comparative N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– N63 - Europe: Pre-1913 N64 - Europe: 1913– N65 - Asia including Middle East N66 - Latin America; Caribbean N67 - Africa; Oceania N7N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services N70 - General, International, or Comparative N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– N73 - Europe: Pre-1913 N74 - Europe: 1913– N75 - Asia including Middle East N76 - Latin America; Caribbean N77 - Africa; Oceania N8N8 - Micro-Business History N80 - General, International, or Comparative N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– N83 - Europe: Pre-1913 N84 - Europe: 1913– N85 - Asia including Middle East N86 - Latin America; Caribbean N87 - Africa; Oceania N9N9 - Regional and Urban History N90 - General, International, or Comparative N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– N93 - Europe: Pre-1913 N94 - Europe: 1913– N95 - Asia including Middle East N96 - Latin America; Caribbean N97 - Africa; Oceania O- 经济发展，技术变迁和增长(O-Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth) O1O1 - Economic Development O10 - General O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations O2O2 - Development Planning and Policy O20 - General O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy O22 - Project Analysis O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy O29 - Other O3O3 - Technological Change; Research and Development O30 - General O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes O34 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues O38 - Government Policy O39 - Other O4O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity O40 - General O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models O42 - Monetary Growth Models O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity O49 - Other O5O5 - Economywide Country Studies O50 - General O51 - U.S.; Canada O52 - Europe O53 - Asia including Middle East O54 - Latin America; Caribbean O55 - Africa O56 - Oceania O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries P-经济体制(P-Economic Systems) P0P0 - General P00 - General P1P1 - Capitalist Systems P10 - General P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform P12 - Capitalist Enterprises P13 - Cooperative Enterprises P14 - Property Rights P16 - Political Economy P17 - Performance and Prospects P19 - Other P2P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies P20 - General P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform P22 - Prices P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights P27 - Performance and Prospects P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment P29 - Other P3P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions P30 - General P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid P34 - Financial Economics P35 - Public Economics P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior P39 - Other P4P4 - Other Economic Systems P40 - General P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty P47 - Performance and Prospects P48 - Political Economy ·Legal Institutions; Property Rights P49 - Other P5P5 - Comparative Economic Systems P50 - General P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies P59 - Other Q-农业经济学和自然资源经济学(Q-Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics) Q0Q0 - General Q00 - General Q01 - Sustainable Development Q1Q1 - Agriculture Q10 - General Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness Q14 - Agricultural Finance Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy Q19 - Other Q2Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation Q20 - General Q21 - Demand and Supply Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture Q23 - Forestry Q24 - Land Q25 - Water Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources Q28 - Government Policy Q29 - Other Q3Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation Q30 - General Q31 - Demand and Supply Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts Q33 - Resource Booms Q38 - Government Policy Q39 - Other Q4Q4 - Energy Q40 - General Q41 - Demand and Supply Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy Q48 - Government Policy Q49 - Other Q5Q5 - Environmental Economics Q50 - General Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste &bull Recycling Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters Q55 - Technological Innovation Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounting Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics Q58 - Government Policy Q59 - Other R-城市经济学，农村经济学和区域经济学(R-Urban, Rural and Regional Economics) R0R0 - General R00 - General R1R1 - General Regional Economics R10 - General R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies R14 - Land Use Patterns R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Other Models R19 - Other R2R2 - Household Analysis R20 - General R21 - Housing Demand R22 - Other Demand R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population R29 - Other R3R3 - Production Analysis and Firm Location R30 - General R31 - Housing Supply and Markets R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets R34 - Input Demand Analysis R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies R39 - Other R4R4 - Transportation Systems R40 - General R41 - Transportation: Demand; Supply; Congestion; Safety and Accidents R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis R48 - Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies R49 - Other R5R5 - Regional Government Analysis R50 - General R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock R58 - Regional Development Policy R59 - Other Z-其他专题(Z-Other Special Topics) Z0Z0 - General Z00 - General Z1Z1 - Cultural Economics Z10 - General Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature Z12 - Religion Z13 - Social Norms and Social Capital; Social Networks Z19 - Other |
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