Bound morphemes 黏着语素

Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

黏着语素是那些不能单独使用，而必须和其它语素－自由语素free morphemes或黏着语素－结合在一起以形成一个单词的语素。

Types of bound morphemes 黏着语素的分类

Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes 词根和词缀。

A root is often seen as part of word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.

词根被看作是词的一部分，它有清楚、明确的意思，但不能单独存在，它必须和另一个词根或词缀组合构成单词。

Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational 屈折词缀和派生词缀

Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. The English inflectional affixes include:

屈折词缀或屈折语素表明各种不同的语法关系或语法范畴，如：数、时态、形容词和副词的级和格。现在英语中的屈折词缀包括：

-(e)s, indicating plurality of nouns 表示名词复数

-(e)s, indicating third person singular, present tense 表示现在时的第三人称单数

-(e)d, indicating past tense for all three persons 表示过去时

-ing, indicating progressive aspect 表示进行时

-er, indicating comparative degree of adj. and adverbs表示形容词和副词比较级

-est, indicating superlative degree of adj. and adverbs 表示形容词和副词最高级

-‘s, indicating the possessive case of nouns 表示名词的所有格

Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. This is a very common way to create new words in English. Such a way of word-formation is called derivation and the new word formed by derivation is called a derivative. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem. A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.

派生词缀加在一个原有的单词上以构成一个新词。这是英语中的一个很常见的构成新词的方式，这样的方式叫派生法，用派生法构成的新词叫派生词。能够加上一个派生词缀的原有语素叫做词干。词干可以是一个黏着词根、自由语素或者本身就是一个派生词。

实例：

Tolerate 词根toler- ＋ 词缀-ate

Quickly 自由语素quick ＋ 词缀-ly

Carelessness 自由语素care ＋词缀-less 形成的派生词careless ＋词缀-ness

Affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes 前缀和后缀

Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. Exception are the prefixes “be-” and “en (m)-”.

前缀改变词干的意思，但通常不改变原词的词性。“be-” 和“en (m)-”是例外。

Suffixes are added to the end of the stem, they modify=y the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.

后缀加在词干的末尾，改变原词的意思，并且在多数情况下，改变原词的词性。