| 词条 | 语言引论 |
| 释义 | 本书是适合所有层次学生的理想教材，包含语言教学的诸多领域，诸如语言学、英语、教育、外国语言、心理学、人类学、社会学以及英语作为第二语言的教学。第八版继承作者始终如一的写作与出版理念，努力做到最前沿、最完整、内容最丰富，除保留面向学生的亲和风格之外，新增了近年来神经语言学的新发展和语言自主性的相关研究，更新了心理语言学的最新发现和计算语言学的有关议题等，反映了语言学领域内最新的研究成果。 书名：语言引论 作者：（美）(Victoria Fromkin)弗罗姆金、（美）(Robert Rodman) 、（美）(Nina Hyams) 原版名称：An Introduction to Language Eighth Edition ISBN：7301120133 页数：586 页 定价：￥68.00 出版社：北京大学出版社 出版时间：2007年 装帧：平装 开本：16/0开 语言：语言 丛书名：西方语言学原版影印系列丛书 内容简介每一章的全面更新：新增了沃尔夫假说，神经语言学的最新成果，双语及双语教学的最新资料，句法处理的新方法，可以反映现代思维方式的语义语用学的新篇章，修订后的社会语言学一章侧重于最新的发现，另外还有一部分详细介绍了句法变化的问题。 对语言学各组成部分(语音、音系、词法、句法、语义以及语用学)的最新、流行的导论性介绍。 对美国符号语言学及通过文本体现的其他符号语言的介绍，使读者认识到这些符号语言也具备那些可以通过口头表达的语言的共同特点，也是真正的语言形式。 每一章的结尾部分都会对重点部分做一总结，并会列出相应的参考书目、进一步研究所需的阅读材料以及相关练习。 书中使用的国际音标的用法。 大量简洁的术语注释，详细的索引，都使文章易读易懂。 为您提供更为丰富的教与学资源，例如：网上测验、期末考试、章节提纲、书评、网站链接以及动画卡片等。 媒体推荐最全面的语言学导论，已经成为我的案头书。——约翰·奥森， 英国伦敦法律语言研究所所长 编辑推荐《语言引论》一书是适合所有层次学生的理想教材，包含语言教学的诸多领域，诸如语言学、英语、教育、外国语言、心理学、人类学、社会学以及英语作为第二语言的教学。继承作者始终如一的写作与出版理念，每一版本都努力做到最前沿、最完整、内容最丰富，第八版的修订版除了保留面向学生的友善和情趣横生的风格之外，反映了语言学领域内最新的研究成果。 目录Contents Preface About the Authors PARTI The Nature of Human Language CHAPTER What Is Language? Linguistic Knowledge Knowledge of the Sound System Knowledge of Words Arbitrary Relation of Form and Meaning The Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge Knowledge of Sentences and Nonsentences Linguistic Knowledge and Performance What Is Grammar? Descriptive Grammars Prescriptive Grammars Teaching Grammars Language Universals The Development of Grammar Sign Languages: Evidence for the Innateness of Language American Sign Language Animal "Languages" "Talking" Parrots The Birds and the Bees Language and Thought What We Know about Language Summary References for Further Reading Exercises CHAPTER 2 Brain and Language The Human Brain The Localization of Language in the Brain Aphasia Brain Imaging Technology Brain Plasticity and Lateralization in Early Life Split Brains Other Experimental Evidence of Brain Organization The Autonomy of Language Other Dissociations of Language and Cognition Laura Christopher Genetic Basis of Language Language and Brain Development The Critical Period A Critical Period for Bird Song The Evolution of Language In the Beginning: The Origin of Language God's Gift to Mankind? The First Language Human Invention or the Cries of Nature? The Development of Language in the Species Summary References for Further Reading Exercises PART 2 Grammatical Aspects of Language CHAPTER 3 Morphology: The Words of Language Dictionaries Content Words and Function Words Morphemes: The Minimal Units of Meaning Bound and Free Morphemes Prefixes and Suffixes Infixes Circumfixes Roots and Stems Huckles and Ceives Rules of Word Formation Derivational Morphology The Hierarchical Structure of Words More about Derivational Morphemes Lexical Gaps Rule Productivity "Pullet Surprises" Sign Language Morphology Word Coinage Words from Names Back-Formations Compounds Meaning of Compounds Universality of Compounding Blends Reduced Words Inflectional Morphemes Exceptions and Suppletions Morphology and Syntax Morphological Analysis: Identifying Morphemes Summary References for Further Reading Exercises CHAPTER 4 Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language What the Syntax Rules Do What Grammaticality Is Not Based On Sentence Structure Constituents and Constituency Tests Syntactic Categories Phrase Structure Trees and Rules Some Conventions for Building Phrase Structure Trees The Infinity of Language Heads and Complements Selection What Heads the Sentence Structural Ambiguities More Structures Sentence Relatedness Transformational Rules Structure-Dependent Rules Syntactic Dependencies Wh Questions UG Principles and Parameters Sign Language Syntax Summary References for Further Reading Exercises CHAPTER 5 The Meaning of Language What Speakers Know about Sentence Meaning Truth Entailment and Related Notions Ambiguity Compositional Semantics Semantic Rules Semantic Rule I Semantic Rule II hen Compositionality Goes Awry Anomaly Metaphor Idioms Lexical Semantics (Word Meanings) Theories of Word Meaning Reference Sense Lexical Relations Semantic Features Evidence for Semantic Features Semantic Features and Grammar Argument Structure Thematic Roles Pragmatics Pronouns Pronouns and Syntax Pronouns and Discourse Deixis More on Situational Context Maxims of Conversation Implicatures Speech Acts Summary References for Further Reading Exercises CHAPTER 6 Phonetics: The Sounds of Language Sound Segments Identity of Speech Sounds The Phonetic Alphabet Articulatory Phonetics Consonants Places of Articulation Manner of Articulation Phonetic Symbols for American English Consonants Vowels Lip Rounding Diphthongs Nasalization of Vowels Tense and Lax Vowels Different (Tongue) Strokes for Different Folks Major Phonetic Classes Noncontinuants and Continuants Obstruents and Sonorants Consonantal Syllabic Sounds Prosodic Features Tone and Intonation Phonetic Symbols and Spelling Correspondences The "Phonetics" of Signed Languages Summary References for Further Reading Exercises CHAPTER 7 Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language The Pronunciation of Morphemes The Pronunciation of Plurals Additional Examples of Allomorphs Phonemes: The Phonological Units of Language Vowel Nasalization in English as an Illustration of Allophones Allophones of /t/ Minimal Pairs in ASL Complementary Distribution Distinctive Features of Phonemes Feature Values Nondistinctive Features Phonemic Patterns May Vary Across Languages Natural Classes of Speech Sounds Feature Specifications for American English Consonants and Vowels The Rules of Phonology Assimilation Rules Dissimilation Rules Feature-Changing Rules Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules Movement (Metathesis) Rules From One to Many and from Many to One The Function of Phonological Rules Slips of the Tongue: Evidence for Phonological Rules Prosodic Phonology Syllable Structure Word Stress Sentence and Phrase Stress Intonation Sequential Constraints of Phonemes Lexical Gaps Why Do Phonological Rules Exist? Phonological Analysis: Discovering Phonemes Summary References for Further Reading Exercises PART 3 The Psychology of Language CHAPTER 8 Language Acquisition Mechanisms of Language Acquisition Do Children Learn through Imitation? Do Children Learn through Reinforcement? Do Children Learn Language through Analogy? Do Children Learn through Structured Input? Children Construct Grammars The Innateness Hypothesis Stages in Language Acquisition The Perception and Production of Speech Sounds First Words The Development of Grammar The Acquisition of Phonology The Acquisition of Word Meaning The Acquisition of Morphology The Acquisition of Syntax The Acquisition of Pragmatics The Development of Auxiliaries: A Case Study Setting Parameters The Acquisition of Signed Languages Knowing More Than One Language Childhood Bilingualism Theories of Bilingual Development Two Monolingual in One Head The Role of Input Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism Second Language Acquisition Is L2 Acquisition the Same as LI Acquisition? Native Language Influence in L2 Acquisition The Creative Component ofL2 Acquisition Is There a Critical Period for L2 Acquisition? Second-Language Teaching Methods Can Chimps Learn Human Language? Summary References for Further Reading Exercises CHAPTER 9 Language Processing: Humans and Computers The Human Mind at Work: Human Language Processing Comprehension The Speech Signal Speech Perception and Comprehension Bottom-up and Top-down Models Lexical Access and Word Recognition Syntactic Processing Speech Production Planning Units Lexical Selection Application and Misapplication of Rules 377 Nonlinguistic Influences Computer Processing of Human Language Frequency Analysis, Concordances, and Collocations Information Retrieval and Summarization Spell Checkers Machine Translation Computers That Talk and Listen Computational Phonetics and Phonology Computational Morphology Computational Syntax Computational Semantics Computational Pragmatics Computer Models of Grammar Summary References for Further Reading Exercises PART 4 Language and Society CHAPTER 10 Language in Society Dialects Regional Dialects Accents Dialects of English Social Dialects The "Standard" African American English Latino (Hispanic) English Genderlects Sotiolinguistic Analysis Languages in Contact Lingua Francas Pidgins Creoles Language in Use Styles Slang Jargon and Argot Taboo or Not Taboo? Euphemisms Racial and National Epithets Language and Sexism Marked and Unmarked Forms The Generic "He" Secret Languages and Language Games Summary References for Further Reading Exercises CHAPTER 11 Language Change: The Syllables of Time The Regularity of Sound Change Sound Correspondences Ancestral Protolanguages Phonological Change Phonological Rules The Great Vowel Shift Morphological Change Syntactic Change Lexical Change Addition of New Words Borrowings or Loan Words History through Loan Words Loss of Words Semantic Change Broadening Narrowing Meaning Shifts Reconstructing "Dead" Languages The Nineteenth-Century Comparativists Cognates Comparative Reconstruction Historical Evidence Extinct and Endangered Languages The Genetic Classification of Languages Languages of the World Types of Languages Why Do Languages Change? Summary References for Further Reading Exercises CHAPTER 12 Writing: The ABCs of Language The History of Writing Pictograms and Ideograms Cuneiform Writing The Rebus Principle From Hieroglyphics to the Alphabet Modern Writing Systems Word Writing Syllabic Writing Consonantal Alphabet Writing Alphabetic Writing Reading, Writing, and Speech Reading Spelling Spelling Pronunciations Summary References for Further Reading Exercises GLOSSARY INDEX 567 …… 序言“西方语言学原版影印系列丛书”是北京大学出版社外语编辑部建立以来的一个新产品，具有重大意义。随着国内高等教育的发展，这几年来本科生、硕士生和博士生的招生名额都扩大了，教材建设再次提上了日程。除组织国内老师自行编写外，从国外直接引进仍不失为一个有效途径。语言学是一门领先科学，因此本丛书的有些内容对其他专业的老师和学生、研究者，甚至业余学习者也有很高参考价值。例如，像有关语料库、认知语言学的著作除外语老师外，计算科学、统计学、认知科学、词典编辑等专业的研究人员和师生也有一读之必要。 北大版“西方语言学原版影印系列丛书”的问世是意料中的事。早在2002年1月北京大学出版社已出版过“西方语言学丛书”，从剑桥大学出版社引进了六卷本《英语语言史》，Robert D.van Valin和Randy J.Lapolla的《句法：结构、意义与功能》，Andres Radford的《最简方案：句法理论与英语结构》……共七种，在外语界独树一 帜。经过两至三年的摸索，经验更丰富了，视野更扩大了。这表现在选题方面语言学和应用语言学并重，这更符合研究生专业目录中有关“语言学和应用语言学”的基本要求。我们的学生既要有理论知识，也要有如何运用有关理论的知识，只有这样，才能将所学的专业知识更好地为国家建设服务。 另一点值得我们考虑的是，全面掌握语言学和应用语言学的专业知识固然是保证教学质量的一个方面，我们还要让高等学校的学生经常站在本学科的前沿，接触本学科的最新成果。掌握本学科的最新动向。这也是保证教材质量，从而保证所培养学生质量的—个重要方面。因此，本丛书既引进有关学科在各时期的经典著作，更注意引进21世纪的新著。长江后浪推前浪，许多经典著作最初也是以新著的形式问世的，其作者的年龄往往属于新生代。因此，时代意识是本系列丛书的一大特征。 为了实现这一目标，本丛书采取灵活的出版发行方式，既可系统成套出版，也可成熟一本，出版一本。这样，只要国外有好的新著出版，北京大学出版社就可以根据该书的质量和国内的需要，及时引进。这在信息爆炸的今天，尤为重要。我们还认为，这套丛书的建设与广大读者的监督和支持是分不开的。我们欢迎读者对本丛书不足之处提出宝贵意见，我们更欢迎读者和业内行家向我们推荐有引进价值的著作！ |
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