阿斯坦（1870-1943）德国人。原是德国商人，在1900年其间与中国有十分繁密的贸易往来，是当时引领中国与德国之间的贸易使者。在中国第一次把22名中国孩子送到德国学习经济；第一次把德国的舞团带到中国表演；第一次个人出资资助中国学生到德国学习科学技术……不仅如此，更加值得注意的是阿斯坦把贸易途中和在中国所见记录下来，由日本写实派摄影师久官本助摄影，编辑成出《蒙古与中国》在德国出版，成为中国蒙古文化研究的重要书籍！

《蒙古与中国》 奥地利宗教专家 科尔本

很值得一提的书。我第一次读这本书的时候，是在德国留学。有朋友推荐读一本书叫《蒙古与中国》，这本快一百年的书在我手上时，我十分激动。里面有大量的蒙古当时的照片记录，而且有阿斯坦的描述。其中有蒙古的饮食文化、宗教文化、婚俗文化、居住文化等等的信息。

食品主要有三类，即肉食、奶食、粮食。牧区菜很少，常食野葱、野韭、蘑菇等。早晨、中午一般喝奶茶、吃奶食、肉食、炒米（蒙古语为蒙古勒巴达，或包勒圣巴达），晚上吃手把肉、面条、饺子等。

奶食分食品和饮料两大类，奶食有黄油（蒙古语称为协日陶斯）、白油、奶皮子（蒙古语称为乌如木）、奶豆腐（蒙古语称为胡乳达）、酸奶酪等。其中黄油、白油、奶皮子是奶食中的佳品，味道纯香，营养丰富。其中奶皮子作法是：将鲜奶放入器皿中存放一两日，奶子发酸后，在表面上形成一层薄皮，称为图黑乌如木，即生奶皮子，是做黄油的原料；另一种作法是，采用熬开的鲜奶发酸后形成的奶皮，称为宝勒森乌如木，即熟了的奶皮，是做酥油的原料。正蓝旗的奶食品制作精细，颇有名声，曾是清皇室制作奶食的地方。

那里的人民都有宗教信仰，我很高兴，我也很干兴趣。书里有大量的寺庙和喇嘛的照片，值得关注有他们修炼的图像，至今我没有理解清楚。清代章嘉活佛那时还是小孩，就站在那里，手持念珠，我感觉到他的神奇，可惜他没有拯救那个时代。在灵童的确认方面，可以说机会是均等的。凡信奉佛教家庭出生的儿童，不论民族，不论贫富，不论男孩、女孩，凡符合选拔条件的均可入选灵童。他眉宇紧锁着。

蒙古民族最重要的节日要算过年，一般进入腊月十五，人们就着手作过年的准备工作。腊月二十三过小年，这一天，全家人或亲友聚在一起饮食娱乐送火神。

从腊月三十到正月初五，是过大年最欢乐的几天。大年三十夜幕降临后，人们便聚集在最年长者家中，开始除夕“乃日”（宴会），全家人尽情享受“守岁”。除夕宴会上应备办“三锅”一锅是奶茶锅；二锅是羊背锅；三锅是肉汤饭食锅。宴会中最少唱三首歌。

Astaing (1870-1943) German. Was originally a German businessman, in 1900, and China has a very dense during the trade, was leading the trade between China and the German ambassador. The first time in China, 22 Chinese children sent to Germany to study the economy; for the first time to China, Germany dance performances; for the first time individual investors to fund students to Germany to study science and technology ... ... Not only that, even more noteworthy is that A Stan the way of trade and the Chinese have seen record years by the Japanese realism official photographer of this to help photography and compiled a "Mongolia and China," published in Germany,

Become an important research Mongolian culture books!

"Mongolia and China," the Austrian religious experts Kolben

It is worth mentioning that book. The first time I read this book, is to study in Germany. A friend recommended reading a book called "Mongolia and China," one hundred years, this book soon at my disposal, I was very excited. Inside a large number of photographs of Mongolia at the time records, but also Astaing description. Which Mongolia's food culture, religion, culture, marriage customs and cultural, living culture, etc. information.

There are three types of food, namely meat, milk, food, food. Few pastoral cuisine, often Kuino onion, wild leek, mushrooms and so on. Morning, noon, in general He Naicha, feeding food, meat, parched rice (Mongolian for Mongolia Le Bada, or package Le Saint Bada), at hand to eat meat, noodles, dumplings and so on.

Fresh milk, food and beverage sub-two categories, milk food with butter (known as the Mongolian Association for Japanese Taos), white oil, Naipi child (known as the Ukraine, such as wood in Mongolian), milk, tofu (known as the Hu Mongolian milk up) , sour cheese, etc.. Including butter, white oil, fresh milk Naipi wife is in the high quality goods, the taste of pure incense and rich nutrition. One Naipi sub-practice are: milk into the containers will be stored in one or two days, breast sour after the formation of the surface layer of thin skin, called the plan, such as black-Ukrainian wood, namely, the Health Naipi son are doing butter raw materials; the other One approach is the use of boil-open after the formation of Naipi sour milk, known as Bao Le Senwu such as wood, that is ripe for Naipi,

Are doing butter raw materials. Blue Flag of milk food products are being produced fine, quite a reputation, who was the Qing imperial milk production of food places.

Where people have religious beliefs, I am pleased that my interest is also very dry. The book there are a large number of temples and lamas photos of concern have their cultivation of he image, so far I have not understood clearly. Living Buddha Qing Dynasty Akiyoshi That was a little boy, standing there, carrying prayer beads and I feel his magic, but he did not save that era. In the spiritual children identified, it can be said that opportunities are equal. Where a child born Buddhist families, regardless of nation, rich or poor, regardless of boys, girls, who meet the selection criteria can be selected for soul boy. He locked the forehead.

Mongolia's most important national holiday to greet the new year, generally 15 to enter the twelfth lunar month, people started to make preparations for Chinese New Year. The twelfth lunar month is too small 23 years, this day, the whole family or friends together and eating and entertainment sent to Vulcan.

30 to the first month from the fifth day of the twelfth lunar month, is the most fun days Guo Danian. New Year's Eve, after nightfall, people will be gathered in the most senior person at home, beginning New Year's Eve "is the day" (banquet), the whole family to enjoy, "Shou Sui." New Year's Eve dinner should be prepared to do "three-pot" is a pot of tea pot; 2 pot pot back a flock of sheep; third pot is the broth pot meals. Banquet at least three songs to sing.