| 词条 | 天真的预言 |
| 释义 | 简介To see a world in a grain of sand And a heaven in a wild flower, Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour. 一沙一世界 一花一天堂 摊开你的手掌 永恒在这一刻收藏 上面的四行诗是长诗《Auguries of Innocence》的开头四行。作者名唤威廉·布莱克（William Blake 1757-1827），他还是一位水彩画家、版画家。此诗写于1863年。有意思的是，虽然前四句家喻户晓，整首长诗却不在布莱克的代表作之列，评论家们也很少谈起。 全文Auguries of Innocence To see a world in a grain of sand And a heaven in a wild flower, Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour. A robin redbreast in a cage Puts all heaven in a rage. A dove-house filled with doves and pigeons Shudders hell through all its regions. A dog starved at his master's gate Predicts the ruin of the state. A horse misused upon the road Calls to heaven for human blood. Each outcry of the hunted hare A fibre from the brain does tear. A skylark wounded in the wing, A cherubim does cease to sing. The game-cock clipped and armed for fight Does the rising sun affright. Every wolf's and lion's howl Raises from hell a human soul. The wild deer wandering here and there Keeps the human soul from care. The lamb misused breeds public strife, And yet forgives the butcher's knife. The bat that flits at close of eve Has left the brain that won't believe. The owl that calls upon the night Speaks the unbeliever's fright. He who shall hurt the little wren Shall never be beloved by men. He who the ox to wrath has moved Shall never be by woman loved. The wanton boy that kills the fly Shall feel the spider's enmity. He who torments the chafer's sprite Weaves a bower in endless night. The caterpillar on the leaf Repeats to thee thy mother's grief. Kill not the moth nor butterfly, For the Last Judgment draweth nigh. He who shall train the horse to war Shall never pass the polar bar. The beggar's dog and widow's cat, Feed them, and thou wilt grow fat. The gnat that sings his summer's song Poison gets from Slander's tongue. The poison of the snake and newt Is the sweat of Envy's foot. The poison of the honey-bee Is the artist's jealousy. The prince's robes and beggar's rags Are toadstools on the miser's bags. A truth that's told with bad intent Beats all the lies you can invent. It is right it should be so: Man was made for joy and woe; And when this we rightly know Through the world we safely go. Joy and woe are woven fine, A clothing for the soul divine. Under every grief and pine Runs a joy with silken twine. The babe is more than swaddling bands, Throughout all these human lands; Tools were made and born were hands, Every farmer understands. Every tear from every eye Becomes a babe in eternity; This is caught by females bright And returned to its own delight. The bleat, the bark, bellow, and roar Are waves that beat on heaven's shore. The babe that weeps the rod beneath Writes Revenge! in realms of death. The beggar's rags fluttering in air Does to rags the heavens tear. The soldier armed with sword and gun Palsied strikes the summer's sun. The poor man's farthing is worth more Than all the gold on Afric's shore. One mite wrung from the labourer's hands Shall buy and sell the miser's lands, Or if protected from on high Does that whole nation sell and buy. He who mocks the infant's faith Shall be mocked in age and death. He who shall teach the child to doubt The rotting grave shall ne'er get out. He who respects the infant's faith Triumphs over hell and death. The child's toys and the old man's reasons Are the fruits of the two seasons. The questioner who sits so sly Shall never know how to reply. He who replies to words of doubt Doth put the light of knowledge out. The strongest poison ever known Came from Caesar's laurel crown. Nought can deform the human race Like to the armour's iron brace. When gold and gems adorn the plough To peaceful arts shall Envy bow. A riddle or the cricket's cry Is to doubt a fit reply. The emmet's inch and eagle's mile Make lame philosophy to smile. He who doubts from what he sees Will ne'er believe, do what you please. If the sun and moon should doubt, They'd immediately go out. To be in a passion you good may do, But no good if a passion is in you. The whore and gambler, by the state Licensed, build that nation's fate. The harlot's cry from street to street Shall weave old England's winding sheet. The winner's shout, the loser's curse, Dance before dead England's hearse. Every night and every morn Some to misery are born. Every morn and every night Some are born to sweet delight. Some are born to sweet delight, Some are born to endless night. We are led to believe a lie When we see not through the eye Which was born in a night to perish in a night, When the soul slept in beams of light. God appears, and God is light To those poor souls who dwell in night, But does a human form display To those who dwell in realms of day. 译文在一颗沙粒中见一个世界， 在一朵鲜花中见一片天空， 在你的掌心里把握无限， 在一个钟点里把握无穷。 ——张炽恒 译 从一粒沙看世界， 从一朵花看天堂， 把永恒纳进一个时辰， 把无限握在自己手心。 ——王佐良 译 一花一世界，一沙一天国， 君掌盛无边，刹那含永劫。 ——宗白华 译 一沙一世界，一花一天堂。 无限掌中置，刹那成永恒。 ——徐志摩 译 一颗沙尘看世界， 一朵野花定乾坤， 无限可以在你的指间， 永恒也可以是瞬间。 ——化童 译 现在最常见的译法： 一颗沙里看出一个世界， 一朵野花里一座天堂， 把无限放在你的手掌上， 永恒在一刹那里收藏。 ——梁宗岱 译 一沙一世界， 一花一天堂。 双手握无限， 刹那是永恒。 一沙一世界， 一花一天堂， 一树一菩提， 一叶一如来。 天真的预言， 参悟千年的偈语。 威廉·布莱克简历1784年，在父亲过世后，布莱克开始与著名出版商约瑟夫·约翰逊合作。在约翰逊的合作者中包括当时英国许多优秀人物，如：约瑟夫·普莱斯利、玛莉·渥斯顿克雷福特和托马斯·佩恩等等。布莱克同玛莉·渥斯顿克雷福特很快成为了好友，并应邀为其作品创作插图。 1788年后，他陆续出版了四本诗集。 1825年开始，布莱克陷入疾病的折磨，之后，他决意要在死去之前完成为但丁《神曲》的插图工作，但是直到死去，他也未能完成这一浩大的工程。直到1827年8月去世前的几天，他仍然在工作，“叫人用最后的几个先令去买碳笔”，画完最后一幅画把它放下，说道“我已经尽力而为了”。 他一生中一面与妻子相依为命靠绘画和雕版的劳酬清贫为生，一面继续从事12岁就开始的诗歌创作并配上自己的插图出版。威廉·布莱克的一生极其简单，没有大书特书之处，只有一些一直延续的简单事实和紧迫的艺术创作活动。 作品特点布莱克一生都保持着宗教、政治和艺术上的激进倾向。他浓厚的宗教意识、艺术家的天分和丰富的人生阅历，给他的诗歌提供了取之不尽的创作源泉，并使它的诗歌具有明显的宗教性、预言性、哲理性和艺术性等几大特点。他对英国诗歌，特别是浪漫主义诗歌所作出的贡献是有目共睹的。其前期诗作主要包括《诗歌素描》、《天真之歌》及《经验之歌》等。 前期的诗作，语言上简单易懂，且以短诗为主，音节也能短则短，题材内容则以生活中的所见所闻为主；而后期的诗作篇幅明显增长，有时长达数百乃至上千行，内容也明显地晦涩起来，以神秘、宗教，以及象征为主要特征。 布莱克最被人们引用和传诵的，也是后代文学大家反复赞美的几首诗歌如《擦烟囱的少年》、《保姆之歌》、《病玫瑰》、《老虎的赞美诗》，皆可以看作构筑布莱克之“天国原形”的一部分，这个自比为以西结的少年，四岁就看到了宗教幻象，并且可以用一种亲喃的语言和“白色诸神”寂静的交谈，尽管世风低落，文途滞涩，但布莱克怀着极大的天真和壮丽的想象力与战斗力，投入了类似班扬和马娄的“世俗反讽”运动中。 这种文艺复兴是旨在和针对于时弊而进行的抒情与想象力神话的回归，这些人对美大加赞美，并加之比喻为自己的面具，而对尘世中的人的命运却大加伤感，并认为他们破坏了作家的“美”的面具。于是拉伯雷戴上了讽刺，班扬戴上了布道，马娄戴上了戏拟与夸张，当然还有一种惊人的反讽，而布莱克则戴上了天真。 布莱克在和他相伴一生的乡村姑娘凯瑟琳的邂逅与共处中，获悉了平民心中的童话与贞洁，并以此与自身的经验和想象作为对比，参照了很多从中世纪就开始进行和流传的童话寓言式写作，并加上了自己独一无二的意象创造力，布莱克为我们留下了最重要的18世纪诗集《天国与地狱的婚姻—想象力的赞美诗》和《天真与经验之歌》，如果说前者是为结婚后守教的人看的，那么后者更多是小学生们的新年读物，或者圣诞老人给大家的金黄色的发光玩具。但我宁愿认为，布莱克构筑了我们世界的宏伟与庄严教堂的顶层，在那里，理想与现实的箴言熠熠闪光，时时为我们提醒着圣母般的洁净与肃穆。 布莱克从不否认自己是一个借天真想象而进行创作的人，但同时代的人除了为他的怪异举止和热情四溢的精力而感到困惑外，还为他的面貌的高深与可敬而感到迷惑。布莱克显然不是为属他的身体命运的那个时代写作的作家一样，同阿蒂尔兰博一样，他藉一种基于神秘与梦幻经验而“对感官不同程度”的扰乱，找到了一条通向自由和赞美的 “天国诗歌”的归依与信仰。也许，这就是布莱克为我们留下的最重要的经验与价值，布莱克“玫瑰的哭嚎”和“真理总是隐藏在疯狂的暮霭中”的大胆语句，为我们找到了些许从“黑暗的烟囱”延伸到“玫瑰色天国”的神秘体验路途。 布莱克的关于：“在荒原尽头，手指可以触天”的诗句启发了西班牙画家格列柯和达利，在《柔软的时间》和《西班牙内战的讽喻想象》中，达利用天才的化笔表达了对这位十八世纪最伟大诗人的认同与赞美。 |
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