秦末濮阳之战，楚军和秦军两军在濮阳东大战数次，楚军连战连捷，秦军遁入濮阳城中，挖沟引河水环城自固。东汉末濮阳之战，曹操收复兖州失地，先下定陶，继克钜野，杀死吕布战半李封、薛兰，接着进攻濮阳。吕布出城迎战，曹军许褚、典韦、夏侯憞、夏侯渊、李典、乐进六将共战吕布，吕布不能支，拨马回城。川剧艺术—《濮阳之战》，《濮阳之战》描述三国“濮阳城火烧曹孟德·马陵山火烧吕奉先”的故事，由吴晓雷传人王德云、彭天喜传人夏庭光(执笔)改编、导演、传授，著名青年花脸王涛饰曹操、武生刘智勇饰吕布。

历史上的濮阳之战(秦末濮阳之战 楚汉相争之起 东汉末濮阳之战)

川剧艺术—《濮阳之战》(简介 内容)

《三国演义》节选 第十一回 濮阳之战(1 2 3 4 5 6 7)

历史上的濮阳之战

秦末濮阳之战

秦始皇死后，二世胡亥继位，赵高用事。其政暴虐愈烈，诛杀大臣，连坐无辜，狱囚达二百多万，赋税、徭役二三十倍于古。公元前209年7月，陈胜、吴广率先于大泽乡揭竿起义，九月项梁、项羽起事会稽，刘邦起事沛中，齐、楚、韩、燕、赵、魏六国旧族，相继独立称王，举行倒秦活动，秦政权处于四方烽火之中。

公元前208年2月，项梁、项羽叔侄率精兵八千渡江北进，沿途英布、刘邦等都来相会，军队很快发展到六七万人。时秦大将章邯围东阿，东阿齐守将田荣求救于楚，项梁率兵往救东阿。项羽手持银槊，独战章邯。章邯身经百战，未遇敌手，此次交锋深感不支，急令撤围，率军西走。项羽、刘邦穷追不舍，两军在濮阳东大战数次，楚军连战连捷，秦军遁入濮阳城中，挖沟引河水环城自固。今濮阳有“霸王台”、“霸王集”，相传就是项羽破章邯的旧址。

楚汉相争之起

项羽、刘邦攻濮阳不克，还军围定陶。定陶有秦将把守，尚能支撑得住，项梁驻扎城下，指挥军事，令项羽、刘邦西南略地。至雍丘（今河南杞县），大破秦军。斩秦三川守将李由（李斯子），还攻外黄（今河南民权西北）。因为秋雨所阻，将外黄团团困住，为持久计。项梁驻定陶城下，适值霪雨兼旬，不便力攻，每日住在帐中，饮酒消遣，军纪松弛，章邯雨夜袭营，大破楚军，项梁战死。章邯破项梁军后，认为楚地军不足忧，率军渡河北击赵军，赵王歇退居巨鹿，遣使求救于楚。楚怀王以宋义为大将，项羽为次将，范增为末将，率兵救赵。行军安阳，停留四十六日不进，战士冻馁，宋义饮酒高会，不恤士卒，项羽屡谏不听，入帐斩宋义头，率兵渡河，破釜沉舟，持三日粮，誓不胜绝不生还。楚军作战十分英勇，无不以一当十，以十当百，呼天动地，杀气腾腾，冲向秦军，九战九捷，大破四十万秦军。秦三将苏甬被杀，王离被俘，涉间自焚而死，迫使章邯于洹上殷墟向项羽投降，取得了灭秦决定性的一战。

东汉末濮阳之战

东汉末年，政治腐败混乱，出现了农民大起义和地方势力割据与混战的局面。在混战中，曹操“明设赏罚，逐间设奇，昼夜会战”，广招贤士，势力发展最快，在兖州建立了根据地。

192年冬，曹操击败了从北方来袭的公孙瓒军，次年又击败了从南方来袭的袁术军。193年秋，曹操率大军征讨曾助公孙瓒攻打曹军的徐州陶谦，连下十余城，杀男女数十万。194年四月，曹操第二次讨伐陶谦，时刘备在陶军，派使与操讲和。恰在这时，曹军留守张邈、陈宫勾结吕布造反，吕布袭破兖州，占据濮阳。曹闻内乱，撤军北回，打败叛军，杀死很多叛将，重新巩固自己的阵地。

194年八月，曹操率军进攻濮阳，陈兵于野。吕布出兵迎战，曹军不利，退兵三十。曹与众谋，趁吕布得胜易娇，夜袭濮阳西塞，恰吕布有防，曹军屡被围截，幸有乐进、典韦拼命冲杀，才得脱围。

吕布与陈宫（东郡人）谋，令濮阳城中巨户田氏，以诈降作内应，引曹如城。曹操果中其计，率兵杀入城来，未至郡府，只听炮声一响，金鼓齐鸣，四方火起，喊杀声如番江倒海。曹操知中计，直走北门，被截杀，又趋南门，被拦阻。复转北门，吕布跃马杀来，戟指曹盔曰："曹操何在？”曹指前曰：“骑黄马者是。”吕布鞭马追赶，曹操拨转马头，望东门奔去。时东门城楼大火燃起，幸有典韦来救，冒烈火浓烟冲出东门，曹操左臂已被烧伤。

曹操败回营中，将计就计，许称曹操被烧伤身亡，全军挂孝发丧，埋伏军营四周，引吕布来战。吕布果然率军杀来，被伏军团团围住，折损很多兵马，吕布死战得脱，逃回濮阳城中。是年秋，蝗虫忽起，食尽禾谷，东郡斗米五十贯，人民相食，两军粮绝，暂且罢兵。

195年春，曹操重振旗鼓，收复兖州失地，先下定陶，继克钜野，杀死吕布战半李封、薛兰，接着进攻濮阳。吕布出城迎战，曹军许褚、典韦、夏侯憞、夏侯渊、李典、乐进六将共战吕布，吕布不能支，拨马回城。城中田氏恨吕布暴戾，投降曹操，将门关闭。吕布不得回城，只得率残军向东南逃去，降奔徐州刘备去了。这时东郡兖州尽归曹有，朝廷正式任曹操为兖州牧。

川剧艺术—《濮阳之战》

简介

中华民族戏曲奇葩川剧，已列入国家级非物质文化遗产名录。重庆市川剧院国家级“非遗”川剧传承人沈铁梅、夏庭光策划，经一年筹备，一月排练，近日隆重推出久违舞台的传统名剧《濮阳之战》，在传承优秀传统剧目时，力求呈现其精华的原汁原味，同时立足现代观众审美情趣，注重创新。首演两场，反响热烈，给人诸多启迪。

内容

《濮阳之战》描述三国“濮阳城火烧曹孟德·马陵山火烧吕奉先”的故事，根据川剧一代宗师吴晓雷的《火烧濮阳》、彭天喜的《火烧吕布》之“二烧”综合改编。由吴晓雷传人王德云、彭天喜传人夏庭光(执笔)改编、导演、传授，著名青年花脸王涛饰曹操、武生刘智勇饰吕布。

传统“二烧”，当年演出共需5个多小时。传承改编的《濮阳之战》，演出不到两个半小时，全剧节奏明快紧凑，剧情张弛有致，特别是运用“间离”、“意识流”等一些川剧原生态表现手法，在两军生死对决火爆剌激的剧情中，间以风趣幽默、令人捧腹的细节，让观众轻轻松松欣赏到一场紧紧张张的战争大戏，川剧传统艺术魅力让人折服。

《濮阳之战》特别打动人心的是那众多令人拍案叫绝的传神细节。中计入濮阳被烈火烧得焦头烂额、逃生无路的曹操，在诓过吕布被其一戟拨了一个踉跄时，顺手捡起一顶斗笠扣在头上，不仅显示躲过吕布追杀，还舞动斗笠引发出一连串揭示人物心态的精彩表演。斗笠的出现，乍看似有不尽合理之处，细想却合戏情戏理，更同紧接的“天助我曹下大雨”相呼应，故尔古今观众皆笑而纳之，这是老一辈艺术家的绝招。再如那贪“浮财”的小军，拣了曹操丢弃的盔甲，却当了曹操的替死鬼。曹操望着仍穿戴着他盔甲的小军尸体不无幸灾乐祸说“下濮阳遭的才是你娃娃嘞”时，下意识踢其一脚。死去的小军突然大叫“哎哟”，吓了曹操一大跳：“咋个死人都会说话？”“把我整痛了嘞！”小军边说边起身跑下。这一令人忍俊不禁的细节，是传统舞台处理尸体的一种方式，亦是之前曹操同于禁预测夜袭濮阳谁要遭的照应，更是曹操劫后余生心态的绝佳揭示：下濮阳遭的才是自己嘞！死人都晓得痛，何况我一个大活人。只有川剧才有这样独特幽默的表现手法。再看，曹操从被烧中悟出“以其人之道还治其人之身”，在作“火烧吕布”的战术部署时，刚说到“待他来时，以火回敬，给他一烧……”，打杂师在其身后打了一把粉火，曹操惊诧：“吓！哪来的火？！”众将官回答：“明公带回来的。”“笑话。”曹操继续部署，“我军四面埋伏，只待灵堂起火……”打杂师又在他脚下打粉火。“咦！莫非是天火！？……是地火？！……”打杂师欲再打粉火时被曹操抓住：“嗨！原来是打杂师在烧老夫的‘阴阳火’！”甩开打杂师继续下令。这一间离细节，既是火攻战术部署的具象化，又是曹操自己被火烧后余悸心理的外化。还有，在吕布恃勇中计被烧得陷入绝境、幸遇张辽救援之间，插入了一段于禁同打杂师对粉火的调侃，笑料叠出。这既是于禁两次献计均害了曹操遭谴责、“烧吕布出怨气”心理活动的写照，又收到调节剧情张弛的间离效应。说到当今中外戏剧人热议的“间离效果”、“意识流”，从这些细节的表现手法中可以看出，其实在川剧中早就存在，俯拾即是。这里还应特别记上一笔的是，吕布采纳陈宫台火攻之计，张辽下书诱曹操入濮阳，曹操在于禁怂恿下决意即刻起兵时，于禁突然说：“要遭！”当二人一番谁要遭的推测后，于禁转向观众：“你们都晓得哪个遭！”这时二人定格，在曹操下令“打鼓站队”、兵将分上前，打杂师上场搬动陈设桌椅，推移乘载乐队的活动平台，意想不到的是观众对此处理报以热烈掌声。满堂掌声是对川剧“间离效果”的赞赏，对导演引用“定格”手法的认可。这亦是观众对创造性传承川剧艺术遗产的肯定。

再有，全剧不用大、二幕，再现了当代舞台已不见踪影的打杂师捡场，参与表演，让人耳目一新。4名打杂师明场陈设一桌二椅，移动活动乐台；吕布枪挑灵堂时将人扮的童男、童女纸人扛上扛下(引用自传统川剧《南华堂》)；在吕布和典韦下场时两次展现打杂师的“抛门帘”技巧；还不时参与人物心理外化表演；按老传统只能占立打小锣的乐员，亦参与收拾酒具，展现其“半个打杂师”的作用。至于打粉火，更是全剧多次运用的高难技巧：紧密配合剧情的需要和演员的表演，打杂师手打口吐，打出“黄龙缠腰”、“苏秦背剑”等种种花式花样，令人眼花缭乱，扼腕叫绝。打杂师的“亮相”，明白地提醒人们这是在演戏，是假的，作为一种“间离手段”，贯穿全剧。再加上一座设有“福”“禄”“寿”三星壁和“出将”“入相”马门(演员的出入口)以及门帘上绘有寒山、拾得和合二仙的仿古戏台，还有乐队的明场演奏，营造出浓厚的川剧原生态氛围，这就是演绎《濮阳之战》的舞美境界。在现代动辄上百万大制作剧目华丽舞台呈现的映衬下，传统戏曲的简约美扑面而来，别有韵味，发人深思。

青年花脸王涛对“全川无净不学雷”的吴(晓雷)派唱腔艺术的继承，武生刘智勇对彭(天喜)大王在剧中“飞椅站椅”独门技巧的展示，均有不俗表现。导演对音乐的处理没有走“老打老唱”的老路，打击乐同打斗改松散配合为紧密结合，并在藤、枪打斗时作静场处理。软场面在传统主胡、二胡、三弦三大件的基础上，加用了色彩乐器洋琴、琵琶，加强了音乐表现力。这些都是传承演出成功的因素。

川剧传统剧目浩如烟海，有“唐三千，宋八百，演不完的三列国”之说，艺术遗产异常丰厚，传承任重而道远。国家级“非遗”川剧优秀剧目的传承，《濮阳之战》作了有益探索，当为之记上一功。

《三国演义》节选 第十一回 濮阳之战

1

却说曹操兵近濮阳，下住寨脚。次日，引众将出，陈兵于野。操立马于门旗下，遥望吕布兵到。阵圆处，吕布当先出马，两边排开八员健将：第一个雁门马邑人，姓张，名辽，字文远；第二个泰山华阴人，姓臧，名霸，字宣高。两将又各引三员健将：郝萌、曹性、成廉，魏续、宋宪、侯成。布军五万，鼓声大震。

Cao Cao camped near Puyang. The next day, he led his commanders and arrayed his forces in the open field and surveyed Lv Bu’s troops. As the opposing lines filled out their positions, on his Red Hare, Lv Bu emerged, flanked by 8 of his ablest generals: Zhang Liao (Wenyuan), a native of Mayi in Yanmen, backed by Hao Meng, Cao Xing, and Cheng Lian; and Zang Ba (Xuangao), a native of Huayin in the district of Taishan, backed by Wei Xu, Song Xian, and Hou Cheng. Lv Bu’s troops amounted to 50,000 strong, drumbeats shocked the sky.

2

操指吕布而言曰："吾与汝自来无仇，何得夺吾州郡？"布曰："汉家城池，诸人有分，偏尔合得？"便叫臧霸出马搦战。曹军内乐进出迎。两马相交，双枪齐举。战到三十余合，胜负不分。夏侯惇拍马便出助战，吕布阵上张辽截住厮杀。恼得吕布性起，挺戟骤马，冲出阵来。夏侯惇、乐进皆走，吕布掩杀，曹军大败，退三四十里。布自收军。曹操输了一阵，回寨与诸将商议。

Pointing Lv Bu, Cao Cao shouted, “We have never had grudges. Why have you taken my land?” “The cities and towns of Han,” Lv Bu replied, “belong to all. Why to you alone?” Then he sent Zang Ba to pick a fight. From Cao Cao’s side, Yue Jin came forth to meet the challenge. The 2 riders tangled; their spears rose and entangled. They had reached the 30th bout when Xiahou Dun sped out to assist Yue Jin. Zhang Liao, eager for the kill, intercepted Dun, Lv Bu himself, couldn’t resist the eager to fight, galloped into the fray, his halberd poised. Cao Cao’s generals, Xiahou Dun and Yue Jin, fled. Lv Bu pressed the hard chase, forcing Cao Cao’s army to retreat some 30 to 40 li. Lv Bu recalled his men back to his base, and Cao Cao returned to his camp to confer with his generals.

3

于禁曰："某今日上山观望，濮阳之西，吕布有一寨，约无多军。今夜彼将谓我军败走，必不准备，可引兵击之；若得寨，布军必惧：此为上策。"操从其言，带曹洪、李典、毛玠、吕虔、于禁、典韦六将，选马步二万人，连夜从小路进发。

“Today,” said Yu Jin, “I noticed while surveying from a hilltop that their position west of Puyang is lightly guarded. Their generals should be unprepared tonight after out defeat. We should attack and take that camp, Lv Bu’s army will sense fear. This is our best plan.” Cao Cao approved and led 6 generals—Cao Hong, Li Dian, Mao Jie, Lu Qian, Yu Jin, and Dian Wei—with 20,000 select cavalry and infantry toward Lv Bu’s camp. Under cover of night, Cao Cao approached by side roads.

4

却说吕布于寨中劳军。陈宫曰："西寨是个要紧去处，倘或曹操袭之，奈何？"布曰："他今日输了一阵，如何敢来！"宫曰："曹操是极能用兵之人，须防他攻我不备。"布乃拨高顺并魏续、侯成引兵往守西寨。

Lv Bu was feasting his troops when Chen Gong warned him, “”The west camp is a key point; what if Cao Cao attacks there?” “We kicked his ass today,” Lv Bu replied. “He has no balls to counterattack in such short term.” “Cao Cao knows something of the art of war,” Chen Gong answered. “We must guard against surprises.” Convinced by Chen Gong’s argument, Lv Bu assigned Gao Shun, Wei Xu, and Hou Cheng to defend the western camp.

5

却说曹操于黄昏时分，引军至西寨，四面突入。寨兵不能抵挡，四散奔走，曹操夺了寨。将及四更，高顺方引军到，杀将入来。曹操自引军马来迎，正逢高顺，三军混战、将及天明，正西鼓声大震，人报吕布自引救军来了。操弃寨而走。背后高顺、魏续、侯成赶来；当头吕布亲自引军来到。于禁、乐进双战吕布不往。操望北而行。

At dusk, before the reinforcements that sent by Lv Bu arrived, Cao Cao hit the west camp from all sides and overran it. The defenders scattered and Cao Cao occupied it. Toward the 4th watch, Gao Shun led reinforcement fought its way in, Cao Cao himself led his troops to engage, and the 2 armies fell upon one another in a melee. Toward dawn, drums rolled in the west, Cao Cao was informed that Lv Bu joined the fight. Cao Cao abandoned the camp and fled. Gao Shun, Wei Xu, and Hou Cheng pursued him. From the front Lv Bu was closing in; Yu Jin and Yue Jin could not withstand him. Cao wheeled and headed north.

6

山后一彪军出：左有张辽，右有臧霸。操使吕虔、曹洪战之，不利。操望西而走。忽又喊声大震，一彪军至：郝萌、曹性、成廉、宋宪四将拦住去路。众将死战，操当先冲阵。梆子响处，箭如骤雨射将来。操不能前进，无计可脱，大叫："谁人救我！"

Suddenly, generals Zhang Liao and Zang Ba emerged from behind a hill and attacked from both sides. Cao Cao had general Lv Qian and Cao Hong fighted back, but they were defeated. Cao Cao changed course again and fled west, but with a blast of shocking battle call, he was checked by 4 more of Lu Bu’s commanders, Hao Meng, Cao Xing, Cheng Lian, and Song Xian. Cao Cao’s commanders fought desperately. Cao Cao took the lead and charged the line as arrows, following a signal of beating sticks, casted down around him. He could neither advance nor escape. “Who will save me?” he cried.

7

马军队里，一将踊出，乃典韦也，手挺双铁戟，大叫："主公勿忧！"飞身下马，插住双戟，取短戟十数枝，挟在手中，顾从人曰："贼来十步乃呼我！"遂放开脚步，冒箭前行。布军数十骑追至。从人大叫曰："十步矣！"韦曰："五步乃呼我！"从人又曰："五步矣！"韦乃飞戟刺之，一戟一人坠马，并无虚发，立杀十数人。众皆奔走。韦复飞身上马，挺一双大铁戟，冲杀入去。郝、曹、成、宋四将不能抵挡，各自逃去。典韦杀散敌军，救出曹操。众将随后也到，寻路归寨。看看天色傍晚，背后喊声起处，吕布骤马提戟赶来，大叫："操贼休走！"此时人困马乏，大家面面相觑，各欲逃生。

From the body of his cavalry, Dian Wei rode forth, an iron halberd in each hand. “Have no fear, my lord!” he shouted. Dian Wei swiftly dismounted and after putting away the 2 giant weapons, took a dozen small battle-axes and asked his followers: “Warn me as the enemies were at 10 paces.” Then he strode ahead, braving the arrows. A score of Lv Bu’s horsemen came after him. “10 paces!” someone from the attendants cried. “At 5,” said Dian Wei. “5 paces!” so came the reply. Hurling his battle-axes rhythmically, Dian Wei brought down dozen of the riders, one by one, and no miss. The pursuers scattered. Dian Wei remounted and slashed away with his halberds, and his charge broke through Lv Bu’s 4 generals and drove them fled. Dian Wei dispersed the enemy troops and saved Cao Cao. The rest of Cao Cao’s commanders, catching up, accompanied him to find a way back to camp. Toward dusk, suddenly, from behind, Lv Bu raised his halberd, rided his Red Hare, shouted to his enemy: “Cao! You villain! Stop!” Cao Cao’s troops, completely exhausted, the soldiers looked at one another helplessly, each hoping to run and save his neck.