希波克拉底誓言

希波克拉底的传说

In the original Greek, it read：

Original, translated into English:

Hippocratic Oath—Classical Version

Hippocratic Oath—Modern Version

希波克拉底誓言

Hippocrates：The Oath of Medicine

I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath and agreement: To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art.

I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harmto anyone.

I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessaryto cause an abortion.

But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art.

In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of lovewith women or with men, be they free or slaves.

All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secretand will never reveal.

If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swervefrom it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.

以上是希波克拉底誓言，为每一个医学生步入医师所宣的誓言。

流传约2000多年的确定医生对病人、对社会的责任及医生行为规范的誓言，以希波克拉底的名字命名，希波克拉底是公元前5～前4世纪著名的希腊医生。这一誓言很可能在希波克拉底之前已经在医生中代代相传，以口头的形式存在，希波克拉底也许是第一个把这一誓言用文学记录了下来的人。这一誓言中有封建行会及迷信的色彩,但其基本精神被视为医生行为规范,沿用了2000多年。直到今日，在很多国家很多医生就业时还必须按此誓言宣誓。全文如下：

仰赖医神阿波罗·埃斯克雷波斯及天地诸神为证，鄙人敬谨直誓，愿以自身能力及判断力所及，遵守此约。凡授我艺者，敬之如父母，作为终身同业伴侣，彼有急需，我接济之。视彼儿女，犹我兄弟，如欲受业，当免费并无条件传授之。凡我所知，无论口授书传，俱传之吾与吾师之子及发誓遵守此约之生徒，此外不传与他人。

我愿尽余之能力与判断力所及，遵守为病家谋利益之信条，并检柬一切堕落和害人行为，我不得将危害药品给与他人，并不作该项之指导，虽有人请求亦必不与之。尤不为妇人施堕胎手术。我愿以此纯洁与神圣之精神，终身执行我职务。凡患结石者，我不施手术，此则有待于专家为之。

无论至于何处，遇男或女，贵人及奴婢，我之唯一目的，为病家谋幸福，并检点吾身，不作各种害人及恶劣行为，尤不作诱奸之事。凡我所见所闻，无论有无业务关系，我认为应守秘密者，我愿保守秘密。尚使我严守上述誓言时，请求神祇让我生命与医术能得无上光荣，我苟违誓，天地鬼神实共殛之。

中文白话译文如下：

我要遵守誓约，矢忠不渝。对传授我医术的老师，我要像父母一样敬重，并作为终身的职业。对我的儿子、老师的儿子以及我的门徒，我要悉心传授医学知识。我要竭尽全力，采取我认为有利于病人的医疗措施，不能给病人带来痛苦与危害。我不把毒药给任何人，也决不授意别人使用它。我要清清白白地行医和生活。无论进入谁家，只是为了治病，不为所欲为，不接受贿赂，不勾引异性。对看到或听到不应外传的私生活，我决不泄露。如果我能严格遵守上面誓言时，请求神祇让我的生命与医术得到无上光荣；如果我违背誓言，天地鬼神一起将我雷击致死。

在希波克拉底后，也有一些古代的医学家就医生的职业道德发表过重要的论著，某些方面还有自己的独到之处，但就影响的广度及深度而言，都不如希波克拉底誓言。

在第二次世界大战结束后审判了纳粹分子医生的罪行后，医生的职业道德的特殊性和重要性重又引起了人们的重视。1948年世界医学会 (WMA)在希波克拉底誓言的基础上，制定了《日内瓦宣言》，作为医生的道德规范.全文如下：

“值此就医生职业之际，我庄严宣誓为服务于人类而献身。我对施我以教的师友衷心感佩。我在行医中一定要保持端庄和良心。我一定把病人的健康和生命放在一切的首位,病人吐露的一切秘密,我一定严加信守，决不泄露。我一定要保持医生职业的荣誉和高尚的传统。我待同事亲如弟兄。我决不让我对病人的义务受到种族、宗教、国籍、政党和政治或社会地位等方面的考虑的干扰。对于人的生命，自其孕育之始，就保持最高度的尊重。即使在威胁之下，我也决不用我的知识作逆于人道法规的事情。我出自内心以荣誉保证履行以上诺言。”（阮芳赋译，见《医学论》，科学出版社，1986） 从那时以来，社会的发展与医学的进步使医生与病人的权利与义务又有了一定变化，为了反映这些新的情况，1988年美国医学化理学家E.D.彼莱格里诺和D.C.托马斯马在《为了病人利益》一书中根据医学的发展和人类社会的进步，提出了“一个医生所承诺的促进病人利益的义务”，这被西方国家许多医学院校采用来作为医学生毕业时需背诵的誓词，有人称为“后希波克拉底誓言”，全文如下：

“我保证履行由于我的专业我自愿承担的治疗和帮助病人的义务。我的义务是基于病人所处的软弱不利的地位，以及他必然给予我和我的专业能力完全信任。所以，我保证把病人多方面的利益作为我的专业伦理的第一原则。由于承认这种约束，我接受下列义务，只有病人或病人的合法代理人才能解除我这些义务：

①将病人的利益置于我专业实践的中心，并在情况需要时置于我自己的自我利益上。

②拥有和保持我的专业要求的知识和技能的能力。

③承认我的能力的局限,只要我的病人病情需要,我应向我的各种卫生专业的同事求助。

④尊重其他卫生专业同事的价值和信念，并承认他们作为个人的道德责任。

⑤用同等的关切和献身精神关怀所有需要我帮助的人，不管他们有没有能力付酬。

⑥主要为了我的病人的最佳利益，而不是主要为了推行社会的、政治的或财政的政策或我自己的利益而行动。

⑦尊重我的病人的参与影响他或她的决策的道德权利，明确地、清楚地、用病人理解的语言说明他或她的疾病的性质，以及我建议采用的治疗的好处和危险。

⑧帮助我的病人作出与他们的价值和信念一致的选择，不强迫，不欺骗，不口是心非。

⑨对我听到、知道和看到的保守秘密，作为我关怀病人的一个必要部分，除非对别人有明确的、严重的、直接伤害的危险。

⑩即使我不能治愈病人，也总要帮助他们，当死亡不可避免时，要帮助我的病人按照他或她自己的打算死亡。

决不参与直接的、主动的、有意识的杀死一个病人，即使为了仁慈的理由，或应国家的要求，或任何其他的理由。

为了覆行我对社会的义务，参与影响国民健康的公共政策决定，提供领导以及专家的和客观的证言。

将我所说和所信的付诸实践，从而在我的专业生涯中体现上述原则。

希波克拉底被西方尊为"医学之父".

希波克拉底的传说

公元前430年，雅典发生了可怕的瘟疫，许多人突然发烧、呕吐、腹泻、抽筋、身上长满脓疮、皮肤严重溃烂。患病的人接二连三地死去。没过几日，雅典城中便随处可见来不及掩埋的尸首。对这种索命的疾病，人们避之唯恐不及。但此时希腊北边马其顿王国的一位御医，却冒着生命危险前往雅典救治。他一面调查疫情，一面探寻病因及解救方法。不久，他发现全城只有一种人没有染上瘟疫，那就是每天和火打交道的铁匠。他由此设想，或许火可以防疫，于是在全城各处燃起火堆来扑灭瘟疫。

这位御医就是被西方尊为“医学之父”的古希腊著名医生，欧洲医学奠基人希波克拉底。

（约公元前460—377年），出生于小亚细亚科斯岛的一个医生世家，祖父、父亲都是医生，母亲是接生婆。在古希腊，医生的职业是父子相传的，所以希波克拉底从小就跟随父亲学医。父母去世后，他在希腊，小亚细亚，里海沿岸，北非等地一面游历，一面行医，从而增长了知识，接触了民间医学。

那时，古希腊医学受到宗教迷信的禁锢。巫师们只会用念咒文，施魔法，进行祈祷的办法为人治病。这自然是不会有什么疗效的，病人不仅被骗去大量钱财，而且往往因耽误病情而死去。

一天，希波克拉底在街上看到一个人突然神志不清，全身抽动，面色青紫、口吐白沫。周围的人都惊惶失措，纷纷说：“他中邪了，赶快请巫师来吧。”这时，恰好有位僧侣经过，他装模作样地看了看病人就说：“他得了神病，只有神才能宽恕他，快把他抬到神庙里去吧。”

“不对！”希波克拉底走上前说：“世上根本没有什么神病，他得的是癫痫病，把他抬到神庙是治不好病的”。

那僧侣根本不把希波克拉底放在眼里，他高傲地说：“什么癫痫不癫痫的，他的病是山神给的，只有祈祷山神才能治好。你不懂就别瞎说，惹恼了山神，也让你患上神病！”希波克拉底理直气壮地说：“癫痫症并不比其他疾病神秘，而是和其他疾病一样，具有相同的性质和相似的起因。只有魔术师，江湖术士和骗子手，才会把它当作神病！”

“你胆敢当众咒骂山神，好大的胆！那么你说这病是什么引起的？”

“脑，是他的脑子出了问题，才会变成这样子，”希波克拉底毫不示弱。

但是，在当时的环境下，他的科学解释是不可能被人们理解和接受的，那个病人最后被抬到神庙里去了，没有得到及时有效的治疗。希波克拉底指出的癫痫病的病因被现代医学认为是正确的，他提出的这个病名，也一直沿用至今。还有一次，希波克拉底碰到一个巫医给骨折病人治病。病人右腿被车轮辗断，鲜血淋淋，已昏死了过去。但巫医还硬叫家属扶着病人用左腿跪在神像前，他自己则念念有词，不知在说些什么。

希波克拉底气愤地走上前说道：“靠念咒语怎能治好他的伤呢？这简直是在折磨病人，简直太荒唐了！”

巫医不屑一顾地说：“看来你会治伤啊，那好，你说他的伤怎样治？”

“清洗创口，进行牵引，使断骨复位！”希波克拉底对骨折病人提出的治疗方法，是合乎科学道理的。为纪念他，后人将用于牵引和其他矫形操作的臼床称为“希波克拉底臼床”。

还有这样一个故事，一个病人下腹部绞痛，小便不畅。希波克拉底为其诊断后对病人家属说：病人出现这种症状，是由于饮用不洁的水引起的。不洁的水在尿道中逐渐凝结起来，不断增大变硬，就会引起剧烈的疼痛，甚至堵塞尿道，引起小便不畅。很显然，希波克拉底所说的病，就是尿道结石。为了抵制“神赐疾病”的谬说，希波克拉底积极探索人的肌体特征和疾病的成因，提出了著名的“体液学说”。他认为复杂的人体是由血液、粘液、黄胆、黑胆这四种体液组成的，四种体液在人体内的比例不同，形成了人的不同气质：性情急躁、动作迅猛的胆汁质；性情活跃、动作灵敏的多血质；性情沉静、动作迟缓的粘液质；性情脆弱、动作迟纯的抑郁质。人所以会得病，就是由于四种液体不平衡造成的。而液体失调又是外界因素影响的结果。所以他认为一个医生进入某个城市首先要注意这个城市的方向、土壤、气候、风向、水源、水、饮食习惯、生活方式等等这些与人的健康和疾病有密切关系的自然环境。

现在看来，希波克拉底对人的气质的成因的解释并不正确，但他提出的气质类型的名称及划分，却一直沿用至今。那时，尸体解剖为宗教与习俗所禁止，希波克拉底勇敢地冲破禁令，秘密进行了人体解剖，获得了许多关于人体结构的知识。在他最著名的外科著作《头颅创伤》中，详细描绘了头颅损伤和裂缝等病例，提出了施行手术的方法。其中关于手术的记载非常精细，所用语言也非常确切，足以证明这是他亲身实践的经验总结。在他的题为《箴言》的论文集中，辑录了许多关于医学和人生方面的至理名言，如“人生矩促，技艺长存”；“机遇诚难得，试验有风险，决断更可贵”；“暴食伤身”：“无故困倦是疾病的前兆”；“简陋而可口的饮食比精美但不可口的饮食更有益”；“寄希望于自然”等，这些经验之谈脍炙人口，至今仍给人以启示。

据说，希波克拉底与古希腊杰出的唯物主义哲学家德谟克利特交情颇深。德漠克利特致力于自然科学和哲学的研究，不善理家业。他的族人便以疯癫和败家的罪名起诉他，目的是霸占他的财产。希波克拉底在为德谟克利特治病时，发现眼前所谓的“病人”根本不是疯，而是一个智慧出众的思想家。于是，他出庭据理力争，终于使德谟克利特无罪释放了。

古代西方医生在开业时都要宣读一份有关医务道德的誓词：“我要遵守誓约，矢忠不渝。对传授我医术的老师，我要像父母一样敬重。对我的儿子、老师的儿子以及我的门徒，我要悉心传授医学知识。我要竭尽全力，采取我认为有利于病人的医疗措施，不能给病人带来痛苦与危害。我不把毒药给任何人，也决不授意别人使用它。我要清清白白地行医和生活。无论进入谁家，只是为了治病，不为所欲为，不接受贿赂，不勾引异性。对看到或听到不应外传的私生活，我决不泄露。”

这个医道规范的制定者就是希波克拉底。20世纪中叶，世界医协大会又据此制定了国际医务人员道德规范。

希波克拉底誓言的另一个版本：

仰赖医神阿波罗，埃斯克雷彼斯及天地诸神为证，鄙人敬谨宣誓，愿以自身能力及判断所及，遵守此约。凡授我艺者敬之如父母，作为终身同世伴侣，彼有急需我接济之。视彼儿女，犹我弟兄，如欲授业，当免费并不条件传授之。凡多知无论口授书传俱传之吾子，吾师之子孙及其发誓遵守此约之生徒，此外不传与他人。

我愿尽余之能力及判断力所及，遵守为病家谋利益之信条，并检束一切堕落及害人行为，我不得将危害药品给与他人，并不作此项之指导，虽然人请求亦必不与人，尤不为妇人施堕胎手术。我愿以此纯洁与神圣之精神终身执行我职务。凡患结石者，我不施手术，此则有待于专家为之。无论至何处，遇男或女，贵人及奴婢，我之唯一目的，为病家谋幸福，并检点吾身，不作各种害人及恶劣行为，尤不作诱奸之事。凡我所见所闻，无论有无业务关系，我认为应守秘密者，我愿保守秘密。倘使我严守上述誓言时，请求神祇让我生命与医术能得无上光荣，我苟违誓，天地鬼神共殛之。

In the original Greek, it read：

“ Ὄμνυμι Ἀπόλλωνα ἰητρὸν, καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν, καὶ Ὑγείαν, καὶ Πανάκειαν, καὶ θεοὺς πάντας τε καὶ πάσας, ἵστορας ποιεύμενος, ἐπιτελέα ποιήσειν κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν ὅρκον τόνδε καὶ ξυγγραφὴν τήνδε.

Ἡγήσασθαι μὲν τὸν διδάξαντά με τὴν τέχνην ταύτην ἴσα γενέτῃσιν ἐμοῖσι, καὶ βίου κοινώσασθαι, καὶ χρεῶν χρηίζοντι μετάδοσιν ποιήσασθαι, καὶ γένος τὸ ἐξ ωὐτέου ἀδελφοῖς ἴσον ἐπικρινέειν ἄῤῥεσι, καὶ διδάξειν τὴν τέχνην ταύτην, ἢν χρηίζωσι μανθάνειν, ἄνευ μισθοῦ καὶ ξυγγραφῆς, παραγγελίης τε καὶ ἀκροήσιος καὶ τῆς λοιπῆς ἁπάσης μαθήσιος μετάδοσιν ποιήσασθαι υἱοῖσί τε ἐμοῖσι, καὶ τοῖσι τοῦ ἐμὲ διδάξαντος, καὶ μαθηταῖσι συγγεγραμμένοισί τε καὶ ὡρκισμένοις νόμῳ ἰητρικῷ, ἄλλῳ δὲ οὐδενί.

Διαιτήμασί τε χρήσομαι ἐπ' ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν, ἐπὶ δηλήσει δὲ καὶ ἀδικίῃ εἴρξειν.

Οὐ δώσω δὲ οὐδὲ φάρμακον οὐδενὶ αἰτηθεὶς θανάσιμον, οὐδὲ ὑφηγήσομαι ξυμβουλίην τοιήνδε. Ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ γυναικὶ πεσσὸν φθόριον δώσω. Ἁγνῶς δὲ καὶ ὁσίως διατηρήσω βίον τὸν ἐμὸν καὶ τέχνην τὴν ἐμήν.

Οὐ τεμέω δὲ οὐδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, ἐκχωρήσω δὲ ἐργάτῃσιν ἀνδράσι πρήξιος τῆσδε.

Ἐς οἰκίας δὲ ὁκόσας ἂν ἐσίω, ἐσελεύσομαι ἐπ' ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων, ἐκτὸς ἐὼν πάσης ἀδικίης ἑκουσίης καὶ φθορίης, τῆς τε ἄλλης καὶ ἀφροδισίων ἔργων ἐπί τε γυναικείων σωμάτων καὶ ἀνδρῴων, ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων.

Ἃ δ' ἂν ἐν θεραπείῃ ἢ ἴδω, ἢ ἀκούσω, ἢ καὶ ἄνευ θεραπηίης κατὰ βίον ἀνθρώπων, ἃ μὴ χρή ποτε ἐκλαλέεσθαι ἔξω, σιγήσομαι, ἄῤῥητα ἡγεύμενος εἶναι τὰ τοιαῦτα.

Ὅρκον μὲν οὖν μοι τόνδε ἐπιτελέα ποιέοντι, καὶ μὴ ξυγχέοντι, εἴη ἐπαύρασθαι καὶ βίου καὶ τέχνης δοξαζομένῳ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἐς τὸν αἰεὶ χρόνον. παραβαίνοντι δὲ καὶ ἐπιορκοῦντι, τἀναντία τουτέων.

”

Original, translated into English:

“ I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath and agreement:

To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art.

I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.

I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion.

But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art.

In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves.

All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.

If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.

”

Hippocratic Oath—Classical Version

I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant:

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art—if they desire to learn it—without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.

I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.

I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work.

Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.

What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about.

If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.

Translation from the Greek by Ludwig Edelstein. From The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation, and Interpretation, by Ludwig Edelstein. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1943.

Hippocratic Oath—Modern Version

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:

I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.

I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.

I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.

I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.

I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.

I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.

I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.

I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.

If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.

Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today.