| 词条 | 犹大福音 |
| 释义 | § 简介 为犹大平反 照片) 基督教早期著作。约成书于公元2世纪。其观点曾被古罗马高卢地区 Lugdunum 主教 Irenaeus，在公元180年前后写成的《反异端》（Against Heresies）中指责为异教观点。後失传。内容久不为人所知。 20世纪70年代，其抄本在埃及 El Minya 省附近的沙漠中出土。经辗转流传，于2001年被送到瑞士 Maecenas 古代艺术基金会进行整理、翻译。之後移交埃及开罗科普特博物馆。 该抄本凡26页（Codex Tchacos， p.33－58），用科普特文（Coptic）于公元3—4世纪抄写在13张纸草（papyrus）纸上，与《雅各》（James）文稿、《彼得致腓力书信》（The Letter of Peter to Philip）以及暂称为《阿罗基耐书》（Book of Allogenes）的片段合订在一本皮革封面的书内。 书中记录了耶稣（Jeshus）与其门徒犹大（'Ioúdas 'Iskariótes，Judas Iscariot）在逾越节前3日的一次秘密谈话内容。谈话中，耶稣将“其他门徒所不知道的秘密”──真正的天国之谜，告诉了犹大，并让犹大帮助他重归天国。书中引用耶稣对犹大的话：“你将超过他们所有人（耶稣其他门徒）”，但同时承认，犹大将因此世代受到诅咒。 本书提出了一个与传统基督教福音书迥异的观点：犹大是耶稣最亲密的朋友、最忠实的门徒。其对耶稣的“出卖”完全是出于耶稣之命。 学者们认为，《犹大福音》属于盛行于公元2—3世纪的“诺斯底派（Gnostic）”的著作。它的发现表明了早期基督教教义的多样性。 § 英文译本 《犹大福音》（The Gospel of Judas）：犹大福音 R. Kasser，M. Meyer，G. Wurst 译 The secret account of the revelation that Jesus spoke in conversation with Judas Iscariot during a week three days before he celebrated Passover. When Jesus appeared on earth， he performed miracles and great wonders for the salvation of humanity. And since some [walked] in the way of righteousness while others walked in their transgressions， the twelve disciples were called. He began to speak with them about the mysteries beyond the world and what would take place at the end. Often he did not appear to his disciples as himself， but he was found among them as a child. One day he was with his disciples in Judea， and he found them gathered together and seated in pious observance. When he [approached] his disciples， [34] gathered together and seated and offering a prayer of thanksgiving over the bread， [he] laughed. The disciples said to [him]， “Master， why are you laughing at [our] prayer of thanksgiving？ We have done what is right.” He answered and said to them， “I am not laughing at you. <；You>； are not doing this because of your own will but because it is through this that your god [will be] praised.” They said， “Master， you are […] the son of our god.” Jesus said to them， “How do you know me？ Truly say to you， no generation of the people that are among you will know me.” When his disciples heard this， they started getting angry and infuriated and began blaspheming against him in their hearts. When Jesus observed their lack of [understanding， he said] to them， “Why has this agitation led you to anger？ Your god who is within you and […] [35] have provoked you to anger [within] your souls. [Let] any one of you who is [strong enough] among human beings bring out the perfect human and stand before my face.” They all said， “We have the strength.” But their spirits did not dare to stand before [him]， except for Judas Iscariot. He was able to stand before him， but he could not look him in the eyes， and he turned his face away. Judas [said] to him， “I know who you are and where you have come from. You are from the immortal realm of Barbelo. And I am not worthy to utter the name of the one who has sent you.” Knowing that Judas was reflecting upon something that was exalted， Jesus said to him， “Step away from the others and I shall tell you the mysteries of the kingdom. It is possible for you to reach it， but you will grieve a great deal. [36] For someone else will replace you， in order that the twelve [disciples] may again come to completion with their god.” Judas said to him， “When will you tell me these things， and [when] will the great day of light dawn for the generation？” But when he said this， Jesus left him. The next morning， after this happened， Jesus [appeared] to his disciples again. They said to him， “Master， where did you go and what did you do when you left us？” Jesus said to them， “I went to another great and holy generation.” His disciples said to him， “Lord， what is the great generation that is superior to us and holier than us， that is not now in these realms？” When Jesus heard this， he laughed and said to them， “Why are you thinking in your hearts about the strong and holy generation？ [37] Truly say to you， no one born [of] this aeon will see that [generation]， and no host of angels of the stars will rule over that generation， and no person of mortal birth can associate with it， because that generation does not come from […] which has become […]. The generation of people among [you] is from the generation of humanity […] power， which [… the] other powers […] by [which] you rule.” When [his] disciples heard this， they each were troubled in spirit. They could not say a word. Another day Jesus came up to [them]. They said to [him]， “Master， we have seen you in a [vision]， for we have had great [dreams …] night […].” [He said]， “Why have [you … when] <；you>； have gone into hiding？” [38] They [said， “We have seen] a great [house with a large] altar [in it， and] twelve men----they are the priests， we would say----and a name； and a crowd of people is waiting at that altar， [until] the priests [… and receive] the offerings. [But] we kept waiting.” [Jesus said]， “What are [the priests] like？” They [said， “Some …] two weeks； [some] sacrifice their own children， others their wives， in praise [and] humility with each other； some sleep with men； some are involved in [slaughter]； some commit a multitude of sins and deeds of lawlessness. And the men who stand [before] the altar invoke your [name]， [39] and in all the deeds of their deficiency， the sacrifices are brought to completion […].” After they said this， they were quiet， for they were troubled. Jesus said to them， “Why are you troubled？ Truly I say to you， all the priests who stand before that altar invoke my name. Again I say to you， my name has been written on this […] of the generations of the stars through the human generations. [And they] have planted trees without fruit， in my name， in a shameful manner.” Jesus said to them， “Those you have seen receiving the offerings at the altar----that is who you are. That is the god you serve， and you are those twelve men you have seen. The cattle you have seen brought for sacrifice are the many people you lead astray [40] before that altar. […] will stand and make use of my name in this way， and generations of the pious will remain loyal to him. After hi another man will stand there from [the fornicators]， and another [will] stand there from the slayers of children， and another from those who sleep with men， and those who abstain， and the rest of the people of pollution and lawlessness and error， and those who say， ‘We are like angels’； they are the stars that bring everything to its conclusion. For to the human generations it has been said， ‘Look， God has received your sacrifice from the hands of a priest’----that is， a minister of error. But it is the Lord， the Lord of the universe， who commands， ‘On the last day they will be put to shame.’” [41] Jesus said [to them]， “Stop sac[rificing …] which you have […] over the altar， since they are over your stars and your angels and have already come to their conclusion there. So let them be [ensnared] before you， and let them go [----about 15 lines missing----] generations […]. A baker cannot feed all creation [42] under [heaven]. And […] to them […] and […] to us and […]. Jesus said to them， “Stop struggling with me. Each of you has his own star， and every[body----about 17 lines missing----] [43] in […] who has come [… spring] for the tree […] of this aeon […] for a time […] but he has come to water God’s paradise， and the [generation] that will last， because [he] will not defile the [walk of life of] that generation， but […] for all eternity.” Judas said to [him， “Rabb]i， what kind of fruit does this generation produce？” Jesus said， “The souls of every human generation will die. When these people， however， have completed the time of the kingdom and the spirit leaves them， their bodies will die but their souls will be alive， and they will be taken up.” Judas said， “And what will the rest of the human generations do？” Jesus said， “It is impossible [44] to sow seed on [rock] and harvest its fruit. [This] is also the way […] the [defiled] generation […] and corruptible Sophia […] the hand that has created mortal people， so that their souls go up to the eternal realms above. [Truly] I say to you， […] angel […] power will be able to see that […] these to whom […] holy generations […].” After Jesus said this， he departed. Judas said， “Master， as you have listened to all of them， now also listen to me. For I have seen a great vision.” When Jesus heard this， he laughed and said to him， “You thirteenth spirit， why do you try so hard？ But speak up， and I shall bear with you.” Judas said to him， “In the vision I saw myself as the twelve disciples were stoning me and [45] persecuting [me severely]. And I also came to the place where […] after you. I saw [a house …]， and my eyes could not [comprehend] its size. Great people were surrounding it， and that house <；had>； a roof of greenery， and in the middle of the house was [a crowd----two lines missing----]， saying， ‘Master， take me in along with these people.’” [Jesus] answered and said， “Judas， your star has led you astray.” He continued， “No person of mortal birth is worthy to enter the house you have seen， for that place is reserved for the holy. Neither the sun nor the moon will rule there， nor the day， but the holy will abide there always， in the eternal realm with the holy angels. Look， I have explained to you the mysteries of the kingdom [46] and I have taught you about the error of the stars； and […] send it […] on the twelve aeons.” Judas said， “Master， could it be that my seed is under the control of the rulers？” Jesus answered and said to him， “Come， that I [----two lines missing----]， but that you will grieve much when you see the kingdom and all its generation.” When he heard this， Judas said to him， “What good is it that I have received it？ For you have set me apart for that generation.” Jesus answered and said， “You will become the thirteenth， and you will be cursed by the other generations----and you will come to rule over them. In the last days they will curse your ascent [47] to the holy [generation].” Jesus said， “[Come]， that I may teach you about [secrets] no person [has] ever seen. For there exists a great and boundless realm， whose extent no generation of angels has seen， [in which] there is [a] great invisible [Spirit]， which no eye of an angel has ever seen， no thought of the heart has ever comprehended， and it was never called by any name. “And a luminous cloud appeared there. He said， ‘Let an angel come into being as my attendant.’ “A great angel， the enlightened divine Self-Generated， emerged from the cloud. Because of him， four other angels came into being from another cloud， and they became attendants for the angelic Self-Generated. The Self-Generated said， [48] ‘Let […] come into being […]，’ and it came into being […]. And he [created] the first luminary to reign over him. He said， ‘Let angels come into being to serve [him]，’ and myriads without number came into being. He said， ‘[Let] an enlightened aeon come into being，’ and he came into being. He created the second luminary [to] reign over him， together with myriads of angels without number， to offer service. That is how he created the rest of the enlightened aeons. He made them reign over them， and he created for them myriads of angels without number， to assist them. “Adamas was in the first luminous cloud that no angel has ever seen among all those called ‘God.’ He [49] […] that […] the image […] and after the likeness of [this] angel. He made the incorruptible [generation] of Seth appear […] the twelve […] the twentyfour […]. He made seventy-two luminaries appear in the incorruptible generation， in accordance with the will of the Spirit. The seventy-two luminaries themselves made three hundred sixty luminaries appear in the incorruptible generation， in accordance with the will of the Spirit， that their number should be five for each. “The twelve aeons of the twelve luminaries constitute their father， with six heavens for each aeon， so that there are seventy-two heavens for the seventy-two luminaries， and for each [50] [of them five] firmaments， [for a total of] three hundred sixty [firmaments …]. They were given authority and a [great] host of angels [without number]， for glory and adoration， [and after that also] virgin spirits， for glory and [adoration] of all the aeons and the heavens and their firmaments. “The multitude of those immortals is called the cosmos---- that is， perdition----by the Father and the seventy-two luminaries who are with the Self-Generated and his seventytwo aeons. In him the first human appeared with his incorruptible powers. And the aeon that appeared with his generation， the aeon in whom are the cloud of knowledge and the angel， is called [51] El. […] aeon […] after that […] said， ‘Let twelve angels come into being [to] rule over chaos and the [underworld].’ And look， from the cloud there appeared an [angel] whose face flashed with fire and whose appearance was defiled with blood. His name was Nebro， which means ‘rebel’； others call him Yaldabaoth. Another angel， Saklas， also came from the cloud. So Nebro created six angels----as well as Saklas----to be assistants， and these produced twelve angels in the heavens， with each one receiving a portion in the heavens. “The twelve rulers spoke with the twelve angels： ‘Let each of you [52] […] and let them […] generation [----one line lost----] angels’： The first is [S]eth， who is called Christ. The [second] is Harmathoth， who is […]. The [third] is Galila. The fourth is Yobel. The fifth [is] Adonaios. These are the five who ruled over the underworld， and first of all over chaos. “Then Saklas said to his angels， ‘Let us create a human being after the likeness and after the image.’ They fashioned Adam and his wife Eve， who is called， in the cloud， Zoe. For by this name all the generations seek the man， and each of them calls the woman by these names. Now， Sakla did not [53] com[mand …] except […] the gene[rations …] this […]. And the [ruler] said to Adam， ‘You shall live long， with your children.’” Judas said to Jesus， “[What] is the long duration of time that the human being will live？” Jesus said， “Why are you wondering about this， that Adam， with his generation， has lived his span of life in the place where he has received his kingdom， with longevity with his ruler？” Judas said to Jesus， “Does the human spirit die？” Jesus said， “This is why God ordered Michael to give the spirits of people to them as a loan， so that they might offer service， but the Great One ordered Gabriel to grant spirits to the great generation with no ruler over it----that is， the spirit and the soul. Therefore， the [rest] of the souls [54] [----one line missing----]. “[…] light [----nearly two lines missing----] around […] let […] spirit [that is] within you dwell in this [flesh] among the generations of angels. But God caused knowledge to be [given] to Adam and those with him， so that the kings of chaos and the underworld might not lord it over them.” Judas said to Jesus， “So what will those generations do？” Jesus said， “Truly I say to you， for all of them the stars bring matters to completion. When Saklas completes the span of time assigned for him， their first star will appear with the generations， and they will finish what they said they would do. Then they will fornicate in my name and slay their children [55] and they will […] and [----about six and a half lines missing----] my name， and he will […] your star over the [thir]teenth aeon.” After that Jesus [laughed]. [Judas said]， “Master， [why are you laughing at us]？” [Jesus] answered [and said]， “I am not laughing [at you] but at the error of the stars， because these six stars wander about with these five combatants， and they all will be destroyed along with their creatures.” Judas said to Jesus， “Look， what will those who have been baptized in your name do？” Jesus said， “Truly I say [to you]， this baptism [56] […] my name [----about nine lines missing----] to me. Truly say to you， Judas， [those who] offer sacrifices to Saklas […] God [----three lines missing----] everything that is evil. “But you will exceed all of them. For you will sacrifice the man that clothes me. Already your horn has been raised， your wrath has been kindled， your star has shown brightly， and your heart has […]. [57] “Truly […] your last […] become [----about two and a half lines missing----]， grieve [----about two lines missing----] the ruler， since he will be destroyed. And then the image of the great generation of Adam will be exalted， for prior to heaven， earth， and the angels， that generation， which is from the eternal realms， exists. Look， you have been told everything. Lift up your eyes and look at the cloud and the light within it and the stars surrounding it. The star that leads the way is your star.” Judas lifted up his eyes and saw the luminous cloud， and he entered it. Those standing on the ground heard a voice coming from the cloud， saying， [58] […] great generation […] … image […] [----about five lines missing----]. […] Their high priests murmured because [he] had gone into the guest room for his prayer. But some scribes were there watching carefully in order to arrest him during the prayer， for they were afraid of the people， since he was regarded by all as a prophet. They approached Judas and said to him， “What are you doing here？ You are Jesus’ disciple.” Judas answered them as they wished. And he received some money and handed him over to them. THE GOSPEL OF JUDAS § 古抄本出现 犹大福音 一份佚失将近一千七百年、源自西元三或四世纪，且含有硕果仅存之《犹大福音》的古柯普特语古抄本，最近由专家著手保存、鉴定与翻译。这份莎草纸手稿、或称之为古抄本，将於4月6日星期四，在美国华盛顿特区的国家地理学会总部首次公开呈现在世人面前。 《犹大福音》对於耶稣和犹大间的关系提出了一个不同的观点，并对这位背叛耶稣的门徒有新看法。不同於新约《马太福音》、《马可福音》、《路加福音》与《约翰福音》将犹大描绘成叛徒，新发现的福音书将犹大叙述成应耶稣要求，而将耶稣交给当权者处置的人。 国家地理学会与各学术单位展开跨国合作，著手鉴定、保存、翻译这份长达六十六页的古抄本，合作单位包括梅塞纳斯古代艺术基金会（Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art），以及韦特史料研究所（Waitt Institute for Historical Discovery）。而来自瑞士的全球顶尖柯普特学者鲁道夫·凯瑟（Rodolphe Kasser），则应邀前来复原手稿、并抄写、翻译其内文。手稿内不只包含《犹大福音》，还有标题为《雅各》的文稿（又名《雅各启示录（一）》）、《彼得致腓力书信》，以及第四段学者暂称为《阿罗基耐书》的片段。 「这份古抄本已经确定是货真价实的基督教旁经著作，鉴定方法有五种：放射性碳定年、墨水分析、多光谱照影术、内文比对与古字比对，」国家地理学会专案节目执行副总裁泰瑞˙贾西亚（Terry Garcia）表示，「这份非圣经经文的古文献戏剧性出土，是公认为过去六十年来最重大的发现，促进我们对早期基督教时期历史与神学观点的了解，十分值得历史学家、学者与神学家继续研究。研究过程必定耗时多年，也会有许多意见交流，如今只是刚开始罢了。」 韦特史料研究所的创办人泰德·韦特（Ted Waitt）表示：「我们所赞助的研究与探索，是能增进了解世界文化和历史的宝贵新知，这便是本组织的宗旨。」该研究所为非营利组织，致力於利用科技探索历史与科学，以求增长人类智识。「可以帮助这份史料真相大白，我们感到十分光荣。」 这份以兽皮装订的莎草纸古抄本，据信约在西元三百年左右以柯普特语抄写，1970年代在埃及明亚省（El Minya）附近的沙漠出土。经过古董商数度易手，由埃及流入欧洲再进入美国， 之后便一直受人冷落，置放于纽约州长岛的银行保险箱中，时间长达十六年，直到2000年时才由苏黎士古董商费莉达˙纽斯柏˙查克斯（Frieda Nussberger-Tchacos）收购。 查克斯试图贩售手稿未果，对古抄本迅速恶化的状况深感忧虑，便於 2001年2月将古抄本送到瑞士巴塞尔的梅塞纳斯古代艺术基金会进行保存与翻译。这份现在被称为《查克斯古抄本》的手稿日后将交给埃及，成为开罗柯普特博物馆的馆藏。 梅塞纳斯古代艺术基金会的董事长马利欧·罗博（Mario Roberty）提说：「我们很高兴团队齐心协力复原这份文件，往后的学者与大众可以世代对其进行研究，这份古物也将再次回到出土的埃及。我们正与埃及当局密切合作，期待古抄本再『回家』的日子到来。」 § 古抄本鉴定 犹大福音2005年1月，亚利桑那大学以放射性碳定年法而闻名世界的加速质谱仪实验室，鉴定取自这份手稿的微量莎草纸与皮革样本，结果显示古抄本的年代很可能介於西元220年至西元340年之间。 墨水分析由伊利诺州威斯蒙特的麦克隆实验室进行，并确认所取样的墨水经检验出含有碳黑的成分，黏著媒介则是树胶－符合西元三、四世纪所使用的墨水。之后又进一步证明，这种含铁质的墨水在诸多方面都符合埃及三世纪的其他种类金属墨水。 另外从古抄本中选了几页送去进行多光谱照影术（MSI）分析－用来鉴定古文件成分，以及是否遭修改的技术。由杨百翰大学古抄本影像实验室的金˙沃尔（Gene A. Ware）在瑞士做多光谱照影分析。沃尔认为这份古抄本经多光谱照影所显示的特性，与其他的古埃及文献真迹趋於一致。为了证实麦克隆实验室的发现，沃尔发现受测墨水经多光谱照影所显示的特性，与含碳的金属铁墨水吻合─这点也符合古抄本的年代。在文稿中并无发现多重改写（或多重上墨）的证据。 这份古抄本以埃及古柯普特语之沙希地方言所写成，研究内容及文字风格的主要学者均认为，其神学观念、文字特性反映出奈格汉马地古卷－这些古卷於1945年在埃及出土，其年代可溯及基督宗教的最初几世纪－的观念及特性。加州橘郡查普曼大学研究圣经与基督教的教授马文˙梅尔（Marvin Meyer）、德国明斯特大学的柯普特学教授史帝芬˙伊茂（Stephen Emmel），均同意这份古抄本反映出二世纪盛行的诺斯底教派的特殊观点，希腊文原版的《犹大福音》便是在当时写成，之后又抄写成古柯普特语版。 其古字体亦或笔迹，均让伊茂想起奈格汉马地经卷中的手写体。他说：「我在研究生涯看过数百份古抄本，这绝对是标准的古柯普特语手稿。我深信不疑。」 透过这五种方法的鉴定，专家断定这份埋藏已久的手稿大约抄写於西元300年左右。 § 古抄本保存与翻译文稿 犹大福音手稿主要翻译者凯瑟表示，他从未看过状态如此糟糕的手稿，有的页数不见，有些则被重新编排过，上半部编有页码的部分也破碎，还有近一千片碎片无法拼凑。他说：「这份古抄本非常脆弱，只要轻轻一碰就碎了。」 凯瑟得助於瑞士的莎草纸保存专家芙萝伦斯·达尔布雷（Florence Darbre）与德国奥格斯堡大学的柯普特语专家格瑞果˙沃斯特（Gregor Wurst），合作拼凑史上最复杂的拼图之一。二十六页长的《犹大福音》写在十三张莎草纸的正反两面，如果有段碎片在这页看起来通顺的话，在下一页内容也必须接得流畅。这麼说好了：「将一份九到十页的文件撕成碎片，丢掉一半，再重组另一半，你就知道这过程有多麼困难了。」凯瑟表示。 达尔布雷将易碎纸片夹在两片薄玻璃之间，再拍下碎片与页面的照片。藉助电脑程式记录内文、记下遗漏部分，再试著比对两者，并仔细地目视检查配对部分的莎草纸纤维，确认是连续一贯。达尔布雷、沃斯特与凯瑟已经在五年岁月中，辛苦复原八成以上的文稿。2006年2月，福音中所缺少的半页在纽约市出现，并经过摄影、抄写与翻译成英文。 在沃斯特与马文˙梅尔的协助下，凯瑟与芝加哥大学的埃及古物学暨柯普特语学家冯斯华˙高达（Francois Gaudard）合作翻译出福音书。 这份古抄本译自原始的希腊文版福音，希腊文版据信是介於正统（圣经）福音与西元180年之间的早期诺斯底教派基督徒所写成。诺斯底教派相信，获得救赎的方法便是透过知识─由耶稣传授给较具影响力的一群人─亦即教导人们如何摆脱肉身羁绊，回到人类起源的精神领域。他们也相信真正的上帝、即耶稣之父，比旧约中创造宇宙且报复心重的上帝更崇高。《犹大福音》的作者相信，只有加略人犹大明瞭耶稣教诲的真正重要性与意义；他实行了耶稣的意旨，将耶稣交给当权者处置。 首次提到《犹大福音》是依勒内（Irenaeus）於西元180年间的著述《反异端》，当时的里昂是罗马高卢地区，依勒内便是当地主教。该作品猛烈攻击异於基督教教会主流，对耶稣与其信息持有不同看法的人。他所公然抨击的对象中有一群人「宣称唯有叛徒犹大是…知晓别人所不知的真相，完成背叛的秘辛…他们杜撰一个相关故事，命名为《犹大福音》。」依勒内宣告在当时所流传的形形色色福音中，只有四部应该得到认可，亦即《马太福音》、《马可福音》、《路加福音》与《约翰福音》。学者相信，其他福音遭公告禁止使用之后，信徒便藏匿抄本。 § 评论 《犹大福音》一开头便说：「这是秘密记载，透露耶稣与加略人犹大在一周之间的对话，三日后便是逾越节。」学者认为这部福音所反映的中心思想符合诺斯底教派。在第一个场景中，耶稣便嘲笑门徒向「你的上帝」－旧约圣经中地位较低、创造世界的神－祈祷。他要求门徒正视他并了解他真正的身份，但是他们拒绝了。 最重要的一段是耶稣告诉犹大：「…你将凌驾他们所有人，因你将牺牲遮蔽我的肉身。」藉由协助耶稣脱离其肉体，犹大将解放耶稣的精神自我，或内在的神性。 犹大多次因为身份特殊，多次雀屏中选。「先避开其他人，我要告诉你天国的谜。或许你有可能上天国，但是你却会因此经历莫大悲痛，」耶稣说。他还告诉犹大，「我已经告诉你所有事情。举目注视白云，注视云内的光线、四周的星辰。最前头那颗星星就是你。」 这部福音书也指出犹大将遭到其他门徒蔑视，其实他比他们更受到器重。「…后人世代都将谴责你－但是你终将统治他们，」耶稣说。犹大也指出他预见自己将遭到其他门徒猛烈攻击：「我在这个幻想当中看见其他十二个门徒向我丢石头，遭到『严厉』迫害。」 福音书中有一段似乎是犹大改变形象。「犹大举目，看到光明云彩便走进去。」地面上的人听到云朵发出声音，却因为这段古抄本有所不全，因此永远也无法知道云朵说了什麼。 福音书的结尾相当突兀。「他们『擒拿耶稣的官兵』走向犹大说，『你在这里做什麼？你是耶稣的门徒。』犹大说出他们希望听到的话。然后他拿了赏钱，便将耶稣出卖给他们。」这部福音书并未提到耶稣被钉十字架或是耶稣复活。 学者看法 主导研究的圣经学者相信，耶稣与犹大之间的另类关系，正是一窥早期基督教看法的重要契机，也再次证明早期基督教会的多元化。 哈林顿史皮尔潘恩基金会赞助的普林斯顿大学宗教教授伊莲·佩格斯（Elaine Pagels），是诺斯底福音的权威之一，她说：「《犹大福音》这项惊人的发现－以及《多马福音》、《马利福音》等其他埋藏将近两千年的众多发现，改变了我们对早期基督宗教的认知。这些发现推翻了单一宗教的神话，证明早期基督宗教活动如此多元化又令人著迷。」 「要发现先前不为人所知，尤其是早期基督教曾提过的福音手稿，是极为罕见的事。《犹大福音》阐明正在发展的基督教精神特徵，并且再度提醒我们早期教会的丰富多样化，」查普曼大学的马文˙梅尔说。 克雷格·艾凡（Craig Evans）是加拿大新斯科细亚省窝夫维的阿卡迪亚神学院新约圣经教授，他大力赞赏《犹大福音》的发现与出版。「《犹大福音》是重要的第二世纪文献，因为这份抄本见证了当时的基督徒对耶稣与门徒的关系有各种看法。这部福音书或许还能帮助我们，更了解新约福音暗指的事物。」 这份古抄本仍继续进行修复、抄写、翻译，残缺不全的工作、无法拼回原位的碎片在摄影之后公诸於世，凯瑟希望后代学者能继续努力拼出全貌，找到更多遗失的页数。[1] |
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