“莱佛士猪笼草”的意思、由来-中文百科全书

植物学史

莱佛士猪笼最早于1819年由威廉·杰克博士（Dr. William Jack）发现。在《柯蒂斯植物学杂志（Curtis's Botanical Magazine）》上刊登了杰克博士从新加坡寄来的信，他这样写道：

“你们无法想象新加坡是多么的美丽。我来到位于马六甲海峡（the Straits of Malacca）附近的群岛上。海面上镶嵌着披着茂密森林的小岛，它们沐浴着明媚的阳光……我恰巧看到了斧头是怎么做成，还获得其他更多的有趣发现，特别是两种新的猪笼草（莱佛士猪笼草和苹果猪笼草）。它们的美丽远超过了其他已知品种。我对他们进行全面的描述，并画了两张图。莱佛士爵士十分的着急，他认为我们应该发表我们的发现。他建议把这些新种寄回国，使得在国内的人也能看到它的美丽，并能引起那边人们对苏门答腊植物的重视。”

在那时，莱佛士猪笼草是当时所知的最大的品种。在1850年的《园丁与农夫杂志（Gardener's and Farmer's Journal）》中，对莱佛士猪笼草进行了这样的描述：

“无论谁看到这个植物都会想，这也许就是植物王国里最令人惊叹的植物了吧。它令人无法忘记，它是现在欧洲所知的最大的猪笼草品种。”

原生地与分布

莱佛士猪笼草是分布广泛的低地猪笼草。在马来半岛东南部地区，特别是柔佛（Johor），和苏门答腊西海岸因德拉普拉（Indrapura）到巴勒斯（Barus）都有分布。

莱佛士猪笼草一般生长在开阔的砂质湿地中。也曾在荒地森林（kerangas forest）、次生林、泥炭沼泽森林边缘、正常森林和海边的悬崖发现过莱佛士猪笼草。它通常可以生长在海拔1200m的地区，有时也会在海拔1500m的地方看到它。

形态特征

莱佛士猪笼草是一种藤本植物。茎可有15m长，直径可达10mm。节间距最长为20cm。笼蔓最长可超过110cm。

莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼呈球状，有发达的翼（wing）。下位笼的高度很少超过20cm，但巨型个体的莱佛士猪笼草可有35cm高，15cm宽。上位笼呈漏斗状，且其唇的前端凸出。这两种捕虫笼都有超过3cm的细长唇颈。

捕虫笼的颜色丰富，从暗紫色到几乎全白都有。典型的莱佛士猪笼草下位笼是浅绿色的且带有紫色的斑点，上位笼则为奶油色。

莱佛士猪笼草的花序为总状花序，有16~70cm长。花朵为红色或紫色。每个小花梗上通常只有一个朵花，偶尔出现两朵。

幼苗带有棕色或白色的且容易脱落的长毛，成株则只有在花序上才一些稀疏的棕色短毛。

种植方法

莱佛士猪笼草是非常受欢迎的低地猪笼草，生活在一年大部分时间都炎热潮湿的热带低地丛林中。但它也可以在晚上温度较低且湿度也较低的中地地区生长。它可能是猪笼草收藏者见到的第一种相对耐寒的低地猪笼草。莱佛士猪笼草应该种植在阴凉的且有强烈散射光的环境中，或有明亮的人工照明的培养室里。浇水时应用软水，最好为蒸馏水，以免盐分积累。这不仅难看，也会损伤猪笼草的须根。不建议使用腰水的方法。使用潮湿，排水良好的介质较好。食虫植物不需要喂食。猪笼草的消化酶没有消化大型猎物的能力，消化不了的猎物会滋生细菌产生臭味，还会影响植株的健康。

种下类群

因为莱佛士猪笼草的分布很广，所以无论是在形状还是颜色方面，莱佛士猪笼草的个体差异都很大。下面是莱佛士猪笼草的种下类群。下面的命名大多都不是正式的。

Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000) nom.nud.

Nepenthes rafflesiana var.alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990) ·

Nepenthes rafflesiana var.ambigua G.Beck (1895)

Nepenthes rafflesiana var.elongata Hort. (1897)

Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams) G.Beck (1895) [=(N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana]

Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook.f. (1873)

Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non Low: Hort.Veitch ex Mast.) Becc. (1886) [=N. × hookeriana]

Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast. (1882)

Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. [=N. longifolia][2][4]

Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc. (1886)

Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpurea Mast. (1882)

Nepenthes rafflesiana var.nivea Hook.f. (1873)

Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006)

Nepenthes rafflesiana var.typica G.Beck (1895) nom.illeg.

Nepenthes rafflesiana var.vittata Lauffenburger (1995) nom.nud.

Nepenthes rafflesiana pallida Hort.Veitch ex Wilson (1877) [=(N. khasiana × N. gracilis) × N. rafflesiana]

巨型个体

巨型莱佛士猪笼草生长于婆罗洲西北海岸和古晋（Kuching）以西110km的士马丹（Sematan）海滨小镇。这种个体的原生地是一些植被茂密的森林。巨型猪笼草方方面面都比普通的莱佛士猪笼草要大。它的茎可攀至15m高的地方。叶片长度可为原来的2.5倍。下位笼可有35cm高，15cm宽，容积可达到1L。捕虫笼的颜色多种多样，从白底红斑到深紫色都有。上位笼可能是全绿的或带班的。它的花序也很巨大，可达1m。小花梗可达1.5cm，花带有暗红色的被片。

除了大小之外，巨型莱佛士猪笼草的叶片也与普通的不同，它的叶片带有金属的光泽。所以巨型莱佛士猪笼草不是因为环境的不同造成的，而是因为个体的差异。

自然杂交种

下面是已发现的莱佛士猪笼草的自然杂交种。

N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana

N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana]

? （N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana）× N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis]

N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana

? （N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma

N. clipeata × N. rafflesiana

N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana

N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana （including N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）

保护状况

由于原生地的破坏和盗采，包括莱佛士猪笼草在内的大多数的野生猪笼草都受到威胁。目前，莱佛士猪笼草列于CITES附录II中，因此它的国际贸易受到了限制。如今市场上的莱佛士猪笼草都是通过组织培养、扦插、播种等方式得到的。

参考文献

1^ Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

2^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

3^ Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of BorneanNepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.

4^ Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. Another Nice Trip to Sumatra. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.

5^ Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri, Sarawak State of Malaysia.PDF (10.3 MiB) International Journal of Botany 2(4): 340–352. ISSN 1811-9700 doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.340.352

6^ Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

7^ a b Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983.PDF (1.25 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.

8^ McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole.

9^ a b Phillips, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

10^ Tan, W.K., C.L. Wong & C.K. Frazier 1996. Nepenthes × (rafflesiana and gracilis)? Nature Malaysiana 21: 82–85.

Adams, R.M. & G.W. Smith 1977. An S.E.M. Survey of the Five Carnivorous Pitcher Plant Genera. American Journal of Botany 64(3): 265–272. doi:10.2307/2441969

Bauer, U., C. Willmes & W. Federle 2009. Effect of pitcher age on trapping efficiency and natural prey capture in carnivorous Nepenthes rafflesiana plants. Annals of Botany 103(8): 1219–1226. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp065

Cannon, J., V. Lojanapiwatna, C. Raston, W. Sinchai & A. White 1980. The Quinones of Nepenthes rafflesiana. The Crystal Structure of 2,5-Dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxy-7-methylnaphtho-1,4-quinone (Nepenthone-E) and a Synthesis of 2,5-Dihydroxy-3-Methoxy-7-methylnaphtho-1,4-quinone (Nepenthone-C). Australian Journal of Chemistry 33(5): 1073–1093. doi:10.1071/CH9801073

Clarke et al. (2000). Nepenthes rafflesiana. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.

Di Giusto, B., V. Grosbois, E. Fargeas, D.J. Marshall & L. Gaume 2008. Contribution of pitcher fragrance and fluid viscosity to high prey diversity in a Nepenthes carnivorous plant from Borneo.Journal of Biosciences 33(1): 121–136. doi:10.1007/s12038-008-0028-5

Di Giusto, B., M. Guéroult, N. Rowe & L. Gaume 2009. Chapter 7: The Waxy Surface in Nepenthes Pitcher Plants: Variability, Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 183–204.

Di Giusto, B., J.-M. Bessière, M. Guéroult, L.B.L. Lim , D.J. Marshall, M. Hossaert-McKey & L. Gaume 2010. Flower-scent mimicry masks a deadly trap in the carnivorous plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Journal of Ecology, published online April 28, 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01665.x

Gaume, L. & B.D. Giusto 2009. Adaptive significance and ontogenetic variability of the waxy zone in Nepenthes rafflesiana. Annals of Botany 104(7): 1281–1291. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp238

(Indonesian) Handayani, T. & Syamsuddin 1998. Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack dan keturunannya. Warta Kebun Raya 2/3: 1–8.

Handayani, T., D. Latifah & Dodo 2005. Diversity and Growth Behaviour of Nepenthes (Pitcher Plants) in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province.PDFBiodiversitas 6(4): 251–255.

Hansen, E. 2001. Where rocks sing, ants swim, and plants eat animals: finding members of the Nepenthes carnivorous plant family in Borneo. Discover 22(10): 60–68.

Mogi, M. & K.L. Chan 1997. Variation in communities of dipterans in Nepenthes pitchers in Singapore: Predators increase prey community diversity. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90(2): 177–183.

Moran, J.A. 1991. The role and mechanism of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers as insect traps in Brunei. Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.

Moran, J.A. 1993. Visitors to the flowers of the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Brunei Museum Journal 8: 73–75.

Moran, J.A. 1993. Pitcher allocation strategy of the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Brunei Museum Journal 8: 77–80.

Moran, J.A. 1993. The effect of pitcher wing removal on prey capture by the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Brunei Museum Journal 8: 81–82.

Moran, J.A. 1993. Misumenops nepenthicola: the top aquatic predator of the Nepenthes food web? Brunei Museum Journal 8: 83–84.

Moran, J.A. 1996. Pitcher dimorphism, prey composition and the mechanisms of prey attraction in the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana in Borneo. Journal of Ecology 84: 515–525.

Moran, J.A. & A.J. Moran 1998. Foliar Reflectance and Vector Analysis Reveal Nutrient Stress in Prey-Deprived Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes rafflesiana). International Journal of Plant Sciences 159(6): 996–1001. doi:10.1086/314086

Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999. Aspects of Pitcher Morphology and Spectral Characteristics of Six Bornean Nepenthes Pitcher Plant Species: Implications for Prey Capture.PDF Annals of Botany 83: 521–528.

Moran, J.A., B.J. Hawkins, B.E. Gowen & S.L. Robbins 2010. Ion fluxes across the pitcher walls of three Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: flux rates and gland distribution patterns reflect nitrogen sequestration strategies. Journal of Experimental Botany 61(5): 1365–1374. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq004

Reiskind, J. 1978. A Crab Spider Associate of Nepenthes rafflesiana.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 7(3): 77–78.

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Torres-Rivera, J.J. 2007. A case of Nepenthes rafflesiana with a lotus-like flower! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(3): 81–82.

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词条	莱佛士猪笼草
释义	莱佛士猪笼草是以史丹福·莱佛士（Stamford Raffles）的名字命名的热带食虫植物。它的分布非常广泛，包括婆罗洲（Borneo）、苏门答腊（Sumatra）、马来半岛（Peninsular Malaysia）和新加坡。莱佛士猪笼草拥有大量的变种，数目仅次于奇异猪笼草（N. mirabilis）。仅在婆罗洲就至少有4种不同的变种。莱佛士猪笼草可以长出与马来王猪笼草（N. rajah）相媲美的巨大笼子。植物学史原生地与分布形态特征种植方法种下类群巨型个体自然杂交种保护状况参考文献植物学史莱佛士猪笼最早于1819年由威廉·杰克博士（Dr. William Jack）发现。在《柯蒂斯植物学杂志（Curtis's Botanical Magazine）》上刊登了杰克博士从新加坡寄来的信，他这样写道： “你们无法想象新加坡是多么的美丽。我来到位于马六甲海峡（the Straits of Malacca）附近的群岛上。海面上镶嵌着披着茂密森林的小岛，它们沐浴着明媚的阳光……我恰巧看到了斧头是怎么做成，还获得其他更多的有趣发现，特别是两种新的猪笼草（莱佛士猪笼草和苹果猪笼草）。它们的美丽远超过了其他已知品种。我对他们进行全面的描述，并画了两张图。莱佛士爵士十分的着急，他认为我们应该发表我们的发现。他建议把这些新种寄回国，使得在国内的人也能看到它的美丽，并能引起那边人们对苏门答腊植物的重视。” 在那时，莱佛士猪笼草是当时所知的最大的品种。在1850年的《园丁与农夫杂志（Gardener's and Farmer's Journal）》中，对莱佛士猪笼草进行了这样的描述： “无论谁看到这个植物都会想，这也许就是植物王国里最令人惊叹的植物了吧。它令人无法忘记，它是现在欧洲所知的最大的猪笼草品种。” 原生地与分布莱佛士猪笼草是分布广泛的低地猪笼草。在马来半岛东南部地区，特别是柔佛（Johor），和苏门答腊西海岸因德拉普拉（Indrapura）到巴勒斯（Barus）都有分布。莱佛士猪笼草一般生长在开阔的砂质湿地中。也曾在荒地森林（kerangas forest）、次生林、泥炭沼泽森林边缘、正常森林和海边的悬崖发现过莱佛士猪笼草。它通常可以生长在海拔1200m的地区，有时也会在海拔1500m的地方看到它。形态特征莱佛士猪笼草是一种藤本植物。茎可有15m长，直径可达10mm。节间距最长为20cm。笼蔓最长可超过110cm。莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼呈球状，有发达的翼（wing）。下位笼的高度很少超过20cm，但巨型个体的莱佛士猪笼草可有35cm高，15cm宽。上位笼呈漏斗状，且其唇的前端凸出。这两种捕虫笼都有超过3cm的细长唇颈。捕虫笼的颜色丰富，从暗紫色到几乎全白都有。典型的莱佛士猪笼草下位笼是浅绿色的且带有紫色的斑点，上位笼则为奶油色。莱佛士猪笼草的花序为总状花序，有16~70cm长。花朵为红色或紫色。每个小花梗上通常只有一个朵花，偶尔出现两朵。幼苗带有棕色或白色的且容易脱落的长毛，成株则只有在花序上才一些稀疏的棕色短毛。种植方法莱佛士猪笼草是非常受欢迎的低地猪笼草，生活在一年大部分时间都炎热潮湿的热带低地丛林中。但它也可以在晚上温度较低且湿度也较低的中地地区生长。它可能是猪笼草收藏者见到的第一种相对耐寒的低地猪笼草。莱佛士猪笼草应该种植在阴凉的且有强烈散射光的环境中，或有明亮的人工照明的培养室里。浇水时应用软水，最好为蒸馏水，以免盐分积累。这不仅难看，也会损伤猪笼草的须根。不建议使用腰水的方法。使用潮湿，排水良好的介质较好。食虫植物不需要喂食。猪笼草的消化酶没有消化大型猎物的能力，消化不了的猎物会滋生细菌产生臭味，还会影响植株的健康。种下类群因为莱佛士猪笼草的分布很广，所以无论是在形状还是颜色方面，莱佛士猪笼草的个体差异都很大。下面是莱佛士猪笼草的种下类群。下面的命名大多都不是正式的。 Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000) nom.nud. Nepenthes rafflesiana var.alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990) · Nepenthes rafflesiana var.ambigua G.Beck (1895) Nepenthes rafflesiana var.elongata Hort. (1897) Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams) G.Beck (1895) [=(N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana] Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook.f. (1873) Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non Low: Hort.Veitch ex Mast.) Becc. (1886) [=N. × hookeriana] Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast. (1882) Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. [=N. longifolia][2][4] Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc. (1886) Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpurea Mast. (1882) Nepenthes rafflesiana var.nivea Hook.f. (1873) Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006) Nepenthes rafflesiana var.typica G.Beck (1895) nom.illeg. Nepenthes rafflesiana var.vittata Lauffenburger (1995) nom.nud. Nepenthes rafflesiana pallida Hort.Veitch ex Wilson (1877) [=(N. khasiana × N. gracilis) × N. rafflesiana] 巨型个体巨型莱佛士猪笼草生长于婆罗洲西北海岸和古晋（Kuching）以西110km的士马丹（Sematan）海滨小镇。这种个体的原生地是一些植被茂密的森林。巨型猪笼草方方面面都比普通的莱佛士猪笼草要大。它的茎可攀至15m高的地方。叶片长度可为原来的2.5倍。下位笼可有35cm高，15cm宽，容积可达到1L。捕虫笼的颜色多种多样，从白底红斑到深紫色都有。上位笼可能是全绿的或带班的。它的花序也很巨大，可达1m。小花梗可达1.5cm，花带有暗红色的被片。除了大小之外，巨型莱佛士猪笼草的叶片也与普通的不同，它的叶片带有金属的光泽。所以巨型莱佛士猪笼草不是因为环境的不同造成的，而是因为个体的差异。自然杂交种下面是已发现的莱佛士猪笼草的自然杂交种。 N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana] ? （N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana）× N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis] N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana ? （N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma N. clipeata × N. rafflesiana N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana （including N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）保护状况由于原生地的破坏和盗采，包括莱佛士猪笼草在内的大多数的野生猪笼草都受到威胁。目前，莱佛士猪笼草列于CITES附录II中，因此它的国际贸易受到了限制。如今市场上的莱佛士猪笼草都是通过组织培养、扦插、播种等方式得到的。参考文献 1^ Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. 2^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. 3^ Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of BorneanNepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25. 4^ Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. Another Nice Trip to Sumatra. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10. 5^ Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri, Sarawak State of Malaysia.PDF (10.3 MiB) International Journal of Botany 2(4): 340–352. ISSN 1811-9700 doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.340.352 6^ Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. 7^ a b Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983.PDF (1.25 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95. 8^ McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole. 9^ a b Phillips, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. 10^ Tan, W.K., C.L. Wong & C.K. Frazier 1996. Nepenthes × (rafflesiana and gracilis)? Nature Malaysiana 21: 82–85. Adams, R.M. & G.W. Smith 1977. An S.E.M. Survey of the Five Carnivorous Pitcher Plant Genera. American Journal of Botany 64(3): 265–272. doi:10.2307/2441969 Bauer, U., C. Willmes & W. Federle 2009. Effect of pitcher age on trapping efficiency and natural prey capture in carnivorous Nepenthes rafflesiana plants. Annals of Botany 103(8): 1219–1226. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp065 Cannon, J., V. Lojanapiwatna, C. Raston, W. Sinchai & A. White 1980. The Quinones of Nepenthes rafflesiana. The Crystal Structure of 2,5-Dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxy-7-methylnaphtho-1,4-quinone (Nepenthone-E) and a Synthesis of 2,5-Dihydroxy-3-Methoxy-7-methylnaphtho-1,4-quinone (Nepenthone-C). Australian Journal of Chemistry 33(5): 1073–1093. doi:10.1071/CH9801073 Clarke et al. (2000). Nepenthes rafflesiana. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Di Giusto, B., V. Grosbois, E. Fargeas, D.J. Marshall & L. Gaume 2008. Contribution of pitcher fragrance and fluid viscosity to high prey diversity in a Nepenthes carnivorous plant from Borneo.Journal of Biosciences 33(1): 121–136. doi:10.1007/s12038-008-0028-5 Di Giusto, B., M. Guéroult, N. Rowe & L. Gaume 2009. Chapter 7: The Waxy Surface in Nepenthes Pitcher Plants: Variability, Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 183–204. Di Giusto, B., J.-M. Bessière, M. Guéroult, L.B.L. Lim , D.J. Marshall, M. Hossaert-McKey & L. Gaume 2010. Flower-scent mimicry masks a deadly trap in the carnivorous plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Journal of Ecology, published online April 28, 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01665.x Gaume, L. & B.D. Giusto 2009. Adaptive significance and ontogenetic variability of the waxy zone in Nepenthes rafflesiana. Annals of Botany 104(7): 1281–1291. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp238 (Indonesian) Handayani, T. & Syamsuddin 1998. Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack dan keturunannya. Warta Kebun Raya 2/3: 1–8. Handayani, T., D. Latifah & Dodo 2005. Diversity and Growth Behaviour of Nepenthes (Pitcher Plants) in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province.PDFBiodiversitas 6(4): 251–255. Hansen, E. 2001. Where rocks sing, ants swim, and plants eat animals: finding members of the Nepenthes carnivorous plant family in Borneo. Discover 22(10): 60–68. Mogi, M. & K.L. Chan 1997. Variation in communities of dipterans in Nepenthes pitchers in Singapore: Predators increase prey community diversity. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90(2): 177–183. Moran, J.A. 1991. The role and mechanism of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers as insect traps in Brunei. Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. Moran, J.A. 1993. Visitors to the flowers of the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Brunei Museum Journal 8: 73–75. Moran, J.A. 1993. Pitcher allocation strategy of the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Brunei Museum Journal 8: 77–80. Moran, J.A. 1993. The effect of pitcher wing removal on prey capture by the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Brunei Museum Journal 8: 81–82. Moran, J.A. 1993. Misumenops nepenthicola: the top aquatic predator of the Nepenthes food web? Brunei Museum Journal 8: 83–84. Moran, J.A. 1996. Pitcher dimorphism, prey composition and the mechanisms of prey attraction in the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana in Borneo. Journal of Ecology 84: 515–525. Moran, J.A. & A.J. Moran 1998. Foliar Reflectance and Vector Analysis Reveal Nutrient Stress in Prey-Deprived Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes rafflesiana). International Journal of Plant Sciences 159(6): 996–1001. doi:10.1086/314086 Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999. Aspects of Pitcher Morphology and Spectral Characteristics of Six Bornean Nepenthes Pitcher Plant Species: Implications for Prey Capture.PDF Annals of Botany 83: 521–528. Moran, J.A., B.J. Hawkins, B.E. Gowen & S.L. Robbins 2010. Ion fluxes across the pitcher walls of three Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: flux rates and gland distribution patterns reflect nitrogen sequestration strategies. Journal of Experimental Botany 61(5): 1365–1374. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq004 Reiskind, J. 1978. A Crab Spider Associate of Nepenthes rafflesiana.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 7(3): 77–78. Rizzacasa, M.A. & M.V. Sargent 1987. The structure and synthesis of nepenthone-A, a naphthoquinone from Nepenthes rafflesiana. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin transactions 1: 2017–2022. doi:10.1039/P19870002017 Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak. Torres-Rivera, J.J. 2007. A case of Nepenthes rafflesiana with a lotus-like flower! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(3): 81–82. Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
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