《中立国和人民在陆战中的权利和义务公约》（1907年10月18日海牙第五公约）（Hague Convention of 1907 V, The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land）既是传统中立制度发展的高峰，也是其走向衰落的标志：公约全面编纂了陆战时中立国的权利义务，同时为体现两次海牙和会“和平解决国际争端”的精神，公约强调了中立国的“调停义务”，这使传统中立的"不作为"义务开始受到削弱。

中文译本

英文原本

中文译本

中立国和人民在陆战中的权利和义务公约

（1907年10月18日海牙第五公约）

（1907年10月18日订于海牙）

（缔约各国元首称呼略。）

为了更明确规定陆战时中立国的权利和义务,并规定在中立国领土内避难的交战者的地位；

同样希望在可能全面解决中立国个人同交战国的关系中的地位之前，明确“中立”一词的涵义；

决定为此目的缔结本公约并各自任命全权代表如下：（各全权代表名单略。）

上列全权代表提交全权证书认为妥善后，议定条款如下：

第一章 中立国的权利和义务

第一条

中立国的领土不得侵犯。

第二条

禁止交战国的部队和装载军火或供应品的运输队通过中立国领土。

第三条

禁止交战国：

（一）在中立国领土上设立无线电台或与交战国陆、海军联系的任何通讯装置；

（二）利用战前交战国在中立国领土上设立的纯为军事目的、并且还没有公开为公众通讯服务的任何此类设施。

第四条

不得在中立国领土内组织战斗部队和开设征兵事务所，以援助交战国。

第五条

中立国不得允许在它的领土上发生上述第二条至第四条所指的任何行为。

中立国无须对违反中立的行为加以惩处，除非这种行为发生在该中立国的领土内。

第六条

中立国对某些个人独自越境为交战国一方效力的事实不负责任。

第七条

中立国没有义务阻止为交战国一方或另一方输出或运输武器、弹药以及一般对军队或舰队有用的任何物品。

第八条

中立国没有义务禁止或限制交战国使用属于它或公司或私人所有的电报或电话电缆以及无线电报器材。

第九条

中立国对第七条和第八条所指内容所采取的一切限制或禁止措施应对交战双方公正不偏地予以适用。

中立国应监督拥有电报或电话电缆或无线电报器材的公司或个人遵守同样的义务。

第十条

中立国即使用武力抵抗侵害其中立的企图行为也不得被认为是敌对行为。

第二章 在中立国领土内拘留交战者和治疗伤者

第十一条

中立国在它的领土内收容的交战国部队，应尽可能将其拘留于远离战场的地方。

中立国可将该部队看管在军营中，甚至禁闭在堡垒内或为此目的而设的适当场所。

中立国可决定在宣誓保证不经批准不离开中立国领土的条件下，是否给予军官们以行动自由。

第十二条

如无特别的专约，中立国应向被拘留者提供衣、食以及符合人道主义要求的救助。

因拘留而耗去的费用在缔结和平时应予以偿还。

第十三条

中立国应给其所收容的脱逃的战俘以自由。中立国如允许他们留在其领土内,可以为他们指定居住的地点。

在中立国领土内避难的部队所带来的战俘,适用于本规定。

第十四条

中立国可以准许属于交战国军队的伤病员过境,但以运载他们的火车不运输军事人员和军火为条件。在此情况下，中立国须为此采取必要的安全和监督措施。

交战国一方在上述条件下带进中立国领土的敌对一方伤病员应由中立国予以看管，务使他们不得重新参加作战行动。该中立国对委托给它的另一方的军队的伤病员也负有同样的义务。

第十五条

日内瓦公约适用于拘留在中立国领土内的伤病员。

第三章 中立人民

第十六条

一个不参加战争的国家的国民应被视为中立人民。

第十七条

中立人民不得享有中立,如果：

（一）对交战一方采取敌对行为；

（二）采取有利于交战一方的行为，特别是如果他自愿加入交战一方武装力量。

在这种情况下,交战国对于中立人民由于背离其中立而给予的待遇，不得比对其他交战国的国民由于同样行为而给予的待遇更为苛刻。

第十八条

下列行为不构成第十七条第（二）款所指的有利于交战一方的行为：

（一）向交战一方提供物资或贷款，但供应者或贷款人既不居住于另一方领土，也不居住于另一方所占领的领土,且所供应的物资也不来自上述领土；

（二）在警察或民政方面提供服务。

第四章 铁路材料

第十九条

交战国对于来自中立国领土的铁路材料、无论属于这些国家，抑或属于公司或私人所有，既经认明属实后，除非在绝对必要的情况下和必要的范围内，不得予以征用或利用。这些材料应尽速送回原地。

中立国必要时得在同样范围内，扣留和使用来自交战国领土的铁路材料。

这一方或另一方均应依照所使用的材料和期限长短，按比例支付赔偿。

第五章 最后条款

第二十条

本公约各条款应在缔约各国之间，且只有在交战各国都是本公约缔约国时方能适用。

第二十一条

本公约应尽速批准。

批准书应交存于海牙。

首批批准书的交存应作成记录，由各加入国代表和荷兰外交大臣签署。

此后批准书的交存则以书面通知的方式通知荷兰政府，并附交批准文件。

首批批准书交存记录、前款提到的书面通知以及批准文件的经核证无误的副本，应由荷兰政府通过外交途径，立即送交被邀请出席第二届和平会议的各国以及其他加入本公约的国家。对前款所述的情况，荷兰政府应同时把收到通知的日期通知上述各国。

第二十二条

非签署国可以加入本公约。

愿加入的国家应将其意愿书面通知荷兰政府，同时向该国政府送交加入书，该加入书保存于荷兰政府的档案库。

荷兰政府应将通知和加入书的经核证无误的副本，立即送交所有其他国家，并注明收到通知的日期。

第二十三条

本公约对参加首批交存批准书的国家，于此项交存作成正式记录之日起六十天后生效，对此后批准或加入的国家，则于荷兰政府收到批准或加入通知起六十天后开始生效。

第二十四条

如一缔约国欲退出本公约，则须以书面通知荷兰政府，由荷兰政府立即将通知的经核证无误的副本送交所有其他国家，并告以收到通知的日期。

退出只对发出退出通知的国家，并于通知送达荷兰政府一年后生效。

第二十五条

由荷兰外交部保管的登记簿，载明按照第二十一条第三款和第四款交存批准书的日期，以及收到加入通知（第二十二条第二款）或退出通知（第二十四条第一款）的日期。

每一缔约国得查阅该登记簿，并可要求提供核证无误的摘录。

各全权代表在本公约上签字，以昭信守。

1907年10月18日订于海牙，正本一份，存于荷兰政府档案库，经核证无误的副本通过外交途径送交所有被邀出席第二届和平会议的国家。

（代表签字从略。）

签署国：阿根廷、奥匈帝国、比利时、玻利维亚、巴西、保加利亚、智利、哥伦比亚、古巴、丹麦、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、法国、德国、英国、希腊、危地马拉、海地、意大利、日本、卢森堡、墨西哥、门的内哥罗、荷兰、挪威、巴拿马、巴拉圭、波斯、秘鲁、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、俄国、塞尔维亚、暹罗、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、美国、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉。

签署日期：1907年10月18日。

批准或加入书交存日期（R）：奥匈帝国（1909.11.27）、比利时(1910.8.8)、玻利维亚(1909.11.27) 、巴西(1914.1.5)、中国(1910.1.15)、古巴(1912.2.22)、丹麦(1909.11.27)、萨尔瓦多(1909.11.27)、埃塞俄比亚(1935.8.5) 、芬兰(1922.4.10)、法国(1910.10.7)、德国(1909.11.27) 、危地马拉（1911.3.15）、海地(1910. 2.2)、日本(1911.12.13)、利比里亚 (1914.2.4 )、卢森堡（1912.9.5）、墨西哥(1909.11.27)、荷兰（1909.11.27）、尼加拉瓜(1909.12.16 )、挪威(1910.9.19)、巴拿马（1911.9.11 ）、波兰(1925.5.9)、葡萄牙(1911.4.13)、罗马尼亚（1912.3.1）、俄国(1909.11.27)、暹罗(1910.3.12 )、西班牙 (1913. 3.18)、瑞典(1909.11.27) 、瑞士(1910.5.12) 、美国（1909. 11.27）。

英文原本

CONVENTION RESPECTING THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NEUTRAL POWERS AND PERSONS IN CASE OF WAR ON LAND

With a view to laying down more clearly the rights and duties of neutral Powers in case of war on land and regulating the position of the belligerents who have taken refuge in neutral territory;

Being likewise desirous of defining the meaning of the term "neutral," pending the possibility of settling, in its entirety, the position of neutral individuals in their relations with the belligerents;

Have resolved to conclude a Convention to this effect, and have, in consequence, appointed the following as their Plenipotentiaries:

(List of Plenipotentiaries.)

Who, after having deposited their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following provisions:

CHAPTER I The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers

Article 1.

The territory of neutral Powers is inviolable.

Article 2.

Belligerents are forbidden to move troops or convoys of either munitions of war or supplies across the territory of a neutral Power.

Article 3.

Belligerents are likewise forbidden to:

(a) Erect on the territory of a neutral Power a wireless telegraphy station or other apparatus for the purpose of communicating with belligerent forces on land or sea;

(b) Use any installation of this kind established by them before the war on the territory of a neutral Power for purely military purposes, and which has not been opened for the service of public messages.

Article 4.

Corps of combatants cannot be formed nor recruiting agencies opened on the territory of a neutral Power to assist the belligerents.

Article 5.

A neutral Power must not allow any of the acts referred to in Articles 2 to 4 to occur on its territory.

It is not called upon to punish acts in violation of its neutrality unless the said acts have been committed on its own territory.

Article 6.

The responsibility of a neutral Power is not engaged by the fact of persons crossing the frontier separately to offer their services to one of the belligerents.

Article 7.

A neutral Power is not called upon to prevent the export or transport, on behalf of one or other of the belligerents, of arms, munitions of war, or, in general, of anything which can be of use to an army or a fleet.

Article 8.

A neutral Power is not called upon to forbid or restrict the use on behalf of the belligerents of telegraph or telephone cables or of wireless telegraphy apparatus belonging to it or to companies or private individuals.

Article 9.

Every measure of restriction or prohibition taken by a neutral Power in regard to the matters referred to in Articles 7 and 8 must be impartially applied by it to both belligerents.

A neutral Power must see to the same obligation being observed by companies or private individuals owning telegraph or telephone cables or wireless telegraphy apparatus.

Article 10.

The fact of a neutral Power resisting, even by force, attempts to violate its neutrality cannot be regarded as a hostile act.

CHAPTER II Belligerents Interned and Wounded Tended in Neutral Territory

Article 11.

A neutral Power which receives on its territory troops belonging to the belligerent armies shall intern them, as far as possible, at a distance from the theatre of war.

It may keep them in camps and even confine them in fortresses or in places set apart for this purpose.

It shall decide whether officers can be left at liberty on giving their parole not to leave the neutral territory without permission.

Article 12.

In the absence of a special convention to the contrary, the neutral Power shall supply the interned with the food, clothing, and relief required by humanity.

At the conclusion of peace the expenses caused by the internment shall be made good.

Article 13.

A neutral Power which receives escaped prisoners of war shall leave them at liberty. If it allows them to remain in its territory it may assign them a place of residence.

The same rule applies to prisoners of war brought by troops taking refuge in the territory of a neutral Power.

Article 14.

A neutral Power may authorize the passage over its territory of the sick and wounded belonging to the belligerent armies, on condition that the trains bringing them shall carry neither personnel nor war material. In such a case, the neutral Power is bound to take whatever measures of safety and control are necessary for the purpose.

The sick or wounded brought under the these conditions into neutral territory by one of the belligerents, and belonging to the hostile party, must be guarded by the neutral Power so as to ensure their not taking part again in the military operations. The same duty shall devolve on the neutral State with regard to wounded or sick of the other army who may be committed to its care.

Article 15.

The Geneva Convention applies to sick and wounded interned in neutral territory.

CHAPTER III Neutral Persons

Article 16.

The nationals of a State which is not taking part in the war are considered as neutrals.

Article 17.

A neutral cannot avail himself of his neutrality

(a) If he commits hostile acts against a belligerent;

(b) If he commits acts in favor of a belligerent, particularly if he voluntarily enlists in the ranks of the armed force of one of the parties. In such a case, the neutral shall not be more severely treated by the belligerent as against whom he has abandoned his neutrality than a national of the other belligerent State could be for the same act.

Article 18.

The following acts shall not be considered as committed in favour of one belligerent in the sense of Article 17, letter (b):

(a) Supplies furnished or loans made to one of the belligerents, provided that the person who furnishes the supplies or who makes the loans lives neither in the territory of the other party nor in the territory occupied by him, and that the supplies do not come from these territories;

(b) Services rendered in matters of police or civil administration.

CHAPTER IV Railway Material

Article 19.

Railway material coming from the territory of neutral Powers, whether it be the property of the said Powers or of companies or private persons, and recognizable as such, shall not be requisitioned or utilized by a belligerent except where and to the extent that it is absolutely necessary. It shall be sent back as soon possible to the country of origin.

A neutral Power may likewise, in case of necessity, retain and utilize to an equal extent material coming from the territory of the belligerent Power.

Compensation shall be paid by one Party or the other in proportion to the material used, and to the period of usage.

CHAPTER V Final Provisions

Article 20.

The provisions of the present Convention do not apply except between Contracting Powers and then only if all the belligerents are Parties to the Convention.

Article 21.

The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible.

The ratifications shall be deposited at The Hague.

The first deposit of ratifications shall be recorded in a procès-verbal signed by the representatives of the Powers which take part therein and by the Netherlands Minister for Foreign Affairs.

The subsequent deposits of ratifications shall be made by means of a written notification, addressed to the Netherlands Government and accompanied by the instrument of ratification.

A duly certified copy of the procès-verbal relative to the first deposit of ratifications, of the notifications mentioned in the preceding paragraph, and of the instruments of ratification shall be immediately sent by the Netherlands Government, through the diplomatic channel, to the Powers invited to the Second Peace Conference as well as to the other Powers which have adhered to the Convention. In the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph, the said Government shall at the same time inform them of the date on which it received the notification.

Article 22.

Non-Signatory Powers may adhere to the present Convention.

The Power which desires to adhere notifies its intention in writing to the Netherlands Government, forwarding to it the act of adhesion, which shall be deposited in the archives of the said Government.

This Government shall immediately forward to all the other Powers a duly certified copy of the notification as well as of the act of adhesion, mentioning the date on which it received the notification.

Article 23.

The present Convention shall come into force, in the case of the Powers which were a Party to the first deposit of ratifications, sixty days after the date of the proces-verbal of this deposit, and, in the case of the Powers which ratify subsequently or which adhere, sixty days after the notification of their ratification or of their adhesion has been received by the Netherlands Government.

Article 24.

In the event of one of the Contracting Powers wishing to denounce the present Convention, the denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Netherlands Government, which shall immediately communicate a duly certified copy of the notification to all the other Powers, informing them at the same time of the date on which it was received.

The denunciation shall only have effect in regard to the notifying Power, and one year after the notification has reached the Netherlands Government.

Article 25.

A register kept by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall give the date of the deposit of ratifications made in virtue of Article 21, paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the date on which the notifications of adhesion (Article 22, paragraph 2) or of denunciation (Article 24, paragraph 1) have been received.

Each Contracting Power is entitled to have access to this register and to be supplied with duly certified extracts from it.

In faith whereof the Plenipotentiaries have appended their signatures to the present Convention.

Done at The Hague, 18 October 1907, in a single copy, which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Netherlands Government and duly certified copies of which shall be sent, through the diplomatic channel, to the Powers which have been invited to the Second Peace Conference.

(Here follow signatures)