| 词条 | 英美文学考前串讲 |
| 释义 | 本文转贴 考试注意事项： 大家好，大家辛苦了！现在大家已经到了考前的冲刺阶段，这个阶段将起着至关重要的作用，到目前为止，大家至少应该达到把课本上的八章内容系统的复习过一遍，这样通过考试才能更有把握！以下内容是广大考生在考前或考试过程中需要注意的一些事项，相信它会帮助你提高复习效率，同时也是帮助您顺利通考试的重要手段之一！ 1) 注意复习的顺序 以前的很多考生在复习时，总是看第一章，翻了好几天的书还是第一章，经实践证明从后往前看的效果过远远高于前者，所以如果您已经复习过一遍了，那么剩下的这几天，建议您从第八章――第一章，倒着复习，这样效果会更佳！（首先建议大家看着前面的目录，把每个时期出现的历史时期都写在目录上，便于复习，这也是考试中选择题中经常考的内容，把这一项工作做好了，至少可以帮你拿到3---5分的分值）. 2) 关于作家及作品的复习 这一部分，大家要看作家的重点理论及主题思想，结合选读中的作品，主要看每篇选读中的Summary (即选读前括号中的斜体部分), 建议大家在最后的几天时间里，利用10分钟左右的时间把每篇选读中的人名用彩笔标出来，至少得到5—10分的分值,这经常是选择题或选读题中要考的内容) 3) 历年的考题一定要熟练掌握，特别是01, 02年的考题，一定要把握考点，切忌只记答案，一定要记住与考题选项相关的内容． 4) 以上八章的串讲资料一定要充分利用，只要熟练掌握了这些内容，达到融会贯通，灵活运用所学知识，考试顺利通过一定是自然而然的事情，相信自己，没错的！ 5) 考试当中一定要注意写字的格式，特别是简答题或论述题，一定要清楚要点1), 2), 3) ……，清晰，明确，千万不要只写一整段，不分要点，这样会导致失去不该失去的得分．（关键词一定要写上，只要意思表达清楚就可得到基本分） 6) 做简答题或论述题的答题要点： A. 关于历史时期的介绍 1> 时间+来源 (0.5分---1分) 2> 历史背景(不需要扩充) (1---2分) 3> 该时期中最重要的创作思想以及影响该时期的大背景．(2---3分) 4> 代表作家以及代表作品简介．(1分) 5> 影响 (0.5—1分) B. 论述题中人物性格分析的答题要点： 1> 利用题目发挥 (0.5--1分) 2> 该任务的代表时期，属于哪个阶层 (1—2分) 3> 作品中人物经历的有关情节 (2—3分) 4> 该人物的直接性格分析 (1—2分) 5> 该人物的文学性格分析 (3—4分) 6> 作用／影响／语言风格等 (0.5—1分) C. 论述题中关于作家的分析 1> 利用题目发挥 (0.5—1分) 2> 该作家所处的历史背景 (1—2 分) 3> 该作家的语言风格 (1—2分) 4> 该作家说写的典型作品及创作主题 (2—3分) 5> 关于典型作品的有关情节 (1—2分) 6> 影响 (0.5—1 分) 7) 以下内容是我们总结了一些每一章中可能出现的简答题或论述题，请大家在考前着重看一下并熟练掌握，答案在以前各章的串讲资料中都能找到． 英国文学部分： 1> Chapter 1 文艺复兴的特点有哪些？ Shakespeare 的戏剧独白分析 2> Chapter 2 新古典主义与浪漫主义的区别 3> Chapter 3 Wordsworth创作的原理以及思想特点 Jane Austen的创作风格以及作品介绍 ４> Chapter 4 Jane Eyre的性格分析 关于George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, Lawrence and Dreiser四者的自然主义(Naturalism) 的思想.(各自的代表作品分析 , 人物性格分析以及作品的理论) 5> Chapter 5 结合美国文学部分的第三章（现代主义）和英国文学部分现代主义时期各自的影响理论． T.S. Eliot’s “The love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”的作品分析 美国文学部分: 1> Chapter 1 Emerson’s Transcendentalism Hawthorne and Melville 的象征主义手法/ Hawthorne的写作特点(结合Yong Goodman Brown ) 2> Chapter 2 Mark Twain’s Local Colorism 3> Chapter 3 Hemmingway’s writing style Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily (Emily的人物性格分析) 最后预祝大家考试顺利通过，心想事成！ Only these who do not pause half way will succeed! (成功属于不懈努力的人!) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 前言：大家好！为了帮助广大的考生在有效的时间内达到较好的复习效果，我们总结了近几年来京城一些名师的串讲资料，以及上课老师所讲的重点内容．对于没有上过课的学生，相信它会给您一个指导性的作用，帮助您达到事半功倍的效果！而对于上过课的考生来说，再看以下的串讲内容效果当然会更好！ 以下的串讲内容包括三方面内容： 第一部分：介绍考试题型及评分标准 第二部分：考试习题集 (以串讲内容及课本重点知识为依据)． 第三部分: 考试注意事项 (由于时间有限，难免有不足，还请大家原谅!) Wish you all Success! Good Luck! Part I Introduction about Examination: 1) 考试题型 第一部分： 选择题： I. Multiple Choice: (40 points, 1 point for each) E.g. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are the following works except ____. A. Hamlet B. King Lear C. Romeo and Juliet D. Othello Answer: C. (可参考课本P33) II. Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 points for each) 也就是根据选读中的一句话或一段话，回答三个问题，这些完成来自于书上，在以下的串讲中我们会给大家做具体的总结，以帮助大家顺利的通过考试！ 例如： 2001年考过的一个题目： “Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;/Destroy and Preserver’ hear, O hear!” Questions: A. Identify the poem and the poet. B. What is the "Wild Spirit"? C. What does the "Wild Spirit" destroy and preserve? Answer: A: Shelly’s "Ode to the West wind" 雪莱的《西风颂》 B. The West wind: "breath of Autumn’s being’’ C. It destroys things /thoughts / idea that are dead, it preserves new life. (or seeds that represent new life or new birth.) (可参考课本P211) 评分标准： A,B,各1分，C,2分. 语言错误酌情扣分 第二部分是非选择题 (共44分) III. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 points for each) 例如："My boy!" said the old gentleman, learning over the desk. Oliver started at the sound. He might be excused for doing so, for the words were kindly said, and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently, and burst into tears." (Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist) Explain why the boy (Oliver Twist) started first, then trembled violently and burst into tears when the words were” kindly" said. 参考答案： The boy started at the words because kind words were not expected; it is (was, must be) the first time in all his life that the boy (Oliver Twist) had been “kindly” greeted; strange sounds may predict another suffering/misfortune/torture/…) (At least one example from the text to back up the above statement.) 评分标准： 概述占4分, 例子占2分．语言错误酌情扣分． IV. Topic discussion (20 points in all, 10 points for each) Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. 例如： Mark Twin presented the 19th century American in his own unique way. Discuss Twain’s art of fiction: the setting, the language, and the characters, etc., based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 参考答案： A.Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom, writing about the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and therefore known as a local colorist. B.He creates life-like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality. C.He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from any precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial language belonging to the lower class, the living local American English. D.He has created a special humor to satirize social injustice and the decayed convention. 评分标准： A,B, C三点各三分，D点1分．语言错误酌情扣分． 注意: 在做这一类题时，不必死记硬背，一些不认识的生词可以换成你较熟悉的词来代替，只要意思表达清楚，把关键词答上，就可以得到基本的分数．切忌在做题的过程中死记硬背，这样很容易在考试中遗忘所及的内容，要在理解的基础上，融会贯通，充分发挥！万一考试时忘了也不能放弃，宁可多写，也不能少些或不写． 附: 非选择题的评分标准： 1. 提供的答案仅供参考．如果考生答出了参考答案的多数要点， 而且某些要点有较好发挥，可给满分． 如果考生的回答与参考答案不完全吻合， 但确实有理由据， 能够自圆其说， 可适当给分．如果考生的答案在一两点上有创新， 即使在整体上不够全面， 也应酌情给高分， 但不应超过该题的最高分值．分数不得超过该题的最高分值．分数不得出现0.5分． 2. 考生答非所问不给分． 3. 阅卷时，内容和语言要综合考虑．语言表达不好的要适当扣分． 评判语言好坏及扣分原则如下： 1)语言通顺， 表达清楚， 很少语法错误和拼写错误，则基本根据内容评分． 2)语言基本通顺， 有少数语法错误和拼写错误， 应扣去该题分值的，应扣去该题分值的20%. 3)语言不通顺， 表达不连贯， 有较多语法错误和拼写错误，应扣去该题分值的40%. 4)语言很不通顺，无法表达连贯的意思， 应扣去该题分值的60%. 注: 英美文学这本书共八章，英国文学是五章，美国文学是三章，而在考试中, 英国文学占55%--60%, 美国文学占40%--45%，所以大家要分清主次，以便能在有效地时间内达到最好的效果！切忌：在看串讲资料的过程中，不能只记选择题的答案，一定要记住考点，融会贯通，灵活运用！ Part One: English Literature Chapter I An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature & The Renaissance Period I. Choose the right answer: 1. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the _____legend of a magician aspiring for ____ and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. A.British/ immorality B.French/money C.German/knowledge D.American/political power Answer: C (可参考课本P21) 2. _____, is a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Wife’s Complaint B.Beowulf C.The Dream of the Rood D.The Seafarer Answer: B (可参考课本P1) 3.It’s Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English Society in his masterpiece__________. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Legend of Good Women C.Troilus and Criseyde D. The Romaunt of the Rose. Answer: A (可参考课本P4) 4. The Essence of Renaissance, the most significant intellectual movement, was_____. A. Geographical exploration B. Religious reformation C. Publishing and translation D. Humanism. Answer: D (可参考课本P8) 5. “Prince Arthur’s greatest mission is his search for Gloriana, with whom he has fallen in love through a love vision.”The two figures come from_____. A.Paradise Lost B.Dr. Faustus C.The Faerie Queene D.Hamlet Answer: C (可参考课本P13) 6. In “Sonnet 18”, Shakespeare_________________. A.Meditate on the destructive power of time and eternal beauty by poetry. B.Satirize human’s vanity. C.Predict the eternity of love. D.Eulogize the power of the beauty. Answer: A (P37) 7. ____ gave new vigor to the blank verse with his “mighty lines” and make ’blank verse’ the principle vehicle of expression in drama. A.Surrey B.Wyatt C.Marlowe D.Sidney Answer: C (P21) 8. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are the following works except____. A.Hamlet B.King Lear C.Romeo and Juliet D.Othello Answer: C (P33) 9. The Renaissance refers to between 14th----mid-17th century, which was under the reign of Queen___and absolute monarchy in England reached its summit, and in which the ’real mainstream (真正的文学主流)’ was ____. A.Victoria/poetry B.Elizabeth/ drama C.Mary/ novel D.James/ drama Answer: B (P11) 10. In The Legend of Good Women, Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called later____. A.The Spenserian stanza B.The heroic couplet C.The blank verse D.The free verse Answer: B (P5) 11. The Redcrosse Knight in “The Faerie Queene” stands for_____, and Una stands for_____. A.bravery/ chastity B.holiness/ truth C.error/ delivery D.true gentleman/ lady. Answer: B (P16) 12. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance? A.Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe. C.Exaltation of man’s pursuit of happiness in his life, and tolerance of man’s foibles. D.Praise of man’s efforts in soul delivery and personal salvation. Answer: D (P7) 13. “The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune” is an example of ______. A.Metaphor B.Simile C.Irony D.Personification Answer: A (P55) 14. _____ introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England. A.Anglos/ Saxons B.Normans/ Anglo-Saxons C.Greeks/ Romans D.Romans/ Normans Answer: B (P11) 15. It is ___ alone who, for the first time in English literature presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. A.Edmund Spenser B.Geoffrey Chaucer C.William Shakespeare D.John Donne Answer: B (P4) 16. The following belong to the characteristics of ’metaphysical poetry’ represented by ’John Donne’ except___. A.Conceits B.Actual imagery and simple diction C.Argumentative form D.Elegant style Answer: D (P63) 17. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____. A.Greek Mythology B.Roman legend C.The Old Testament D.The New Testament Answer: C (P73) 18. In “Paradise Lost”, Satan says “We may with more successful hope resolve/ To wage by force or guile eternal war, / Irreconcilable to our grand Foe” What does the “Eternal war” mean? A.To remove God from his throne B.To burn the Heaven Down C.To corrupt God’s creation of man and woman-----Adam and Eve D.To beguile into a snake to threaten man’s life Answer: C (P71, 节选部分在P75) 19. _____, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a ’philosophical exploration’ of life and death. A.The Merchant of Venice B.Hamlet C.King Lear D.The Winter’s Tale Answer: B (P33) 20. It was ___and ___ the two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature. A.Anglos/ Saxons B.Normans/ Anglo-Saxons C.Romans/ Normans D.Greeks/ Romans Answer: B (P1) 21. Paradise Lost is ___’s masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written in blank verse, about the heroic revolt of Satan against God’s authority. A.John Donne B.Christopher Marlowe C.John Milton D.Edmund Spenser Answer: C (P71) 22. The following description fit into Milton ’except’_____. A.a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century B.an outstanding political pamphleteer C.a great stylist and master of blank verse D.a kind of elegant and refine style. Answer: D (P70---73) 23. _____is not written by John Milton. A.Samson Agonistes B.Paradise Lost C.Paradise regained D.Tamburlaine Answer: D (P71) 24. Marlow’s greatest achievement is that he perfected the ’blank verse’, and he is regarded as ’the pioneer of English drama’, which of the following is not written by him? A.Tamburlaine B.The Jew of Malta C.The Passionate to His Love D.The Sun Rising Answer: D (P20) 25. ____Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. A.John Milton’s B.Francis Bacon’s C.Montaigne’s D.Thomas Gray’s Answer: B (P58) 26. _____Was known as “the poets’ poet”. A.William Shakespeare B.Edmund Spenser C.John Donne D.John Milton Answer: B (P15) 27. “And we will make thee beds of roses / And a thousand fragrant posies/ A cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle.” The above lines are probably taken from______. A.Spenser’s The Faerie Queene B.John Donne’s The Sun Rising C.Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 D.Marlow’s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. Answer: D (P28) 28. Which of the following statement best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18? A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B.The speaker satirizes human vanity. C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D.The speaker meditates on man’s salvation. Answer: C (P37) II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions: 1.“For herein Fortune shows herself more kind Than is her custom. It is still her use To let the wretched man outlive his wealth, To view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow An age of poverty; from which ling’ring penance Of such misery doth she cut me off” 1.Identify the title of the works and author. 2.Explain “from which…cut me off”. 3.What happened to him, which caused the words? 参考答案: The lines are from “The Merchant of Venice”, William Shakespeare. (P48) 2) This sentence means she, ’Lady Fortune(命运女神)’, is more kind to him because she is taking away both his wealth and life. 3) The speaker is Antonio, it’s said that his ship have all been lost, and he is penniless, and will have to pay the pound of flesh. (Because Shylock has made a strange bond that requires Antonio to pay him a pound of flesh if he can’t repay him the money that he borrowed for his friend in due time.) (P38) 2.“Read not to contract and confuse, not to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider” 1)Identify the work and author. 2)What idea does the passage express? 参考答案： 1) The sentence comes from “Of Studies” written by ’Francis Bacon’. (P61) 2) The Sentence talks about the proper way to read: When you read, don’t be puzzled by the content of the book; don’t take it for granted; don’t quote too much from the book; before accepting its idea, you’d better think about its shortcomings and consider it from all sides. 3.“ Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 1) Where does the poem comes from? Who wrote it? What does “eternal lines” mean? Interpret it briefly. 参考答案： 1) The poem is “ Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day”, by Shakespeare. (P38) 2) Eternal lines means the lines of the poem and other sonnets. (P38) 3) It means: you will not lose your beauty, and death will not threaten you with darkness, either. As long as man can live in the world, they will see your beauty in my lines of my poem, which has given you eternal life. (Or A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. (P37) 4.“… All is no lost: the unconquerable will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome?…… Irreconcilable to our grand Foe” 1) Please identify the poem and the poet. 2) Interpret“all is not lost”. 3) What does the whole passage mean? 参考答案： 1) It is taken from John Milton’s “Paradise Lost”.(P74) 2) “all is not lost” is the word from Satan----Satan and other angels rebel against God, but they are driven from Heaven into hell. In the fire of the hell, Satan is determined to fight back, just like what he says: not all is lost, the unconquerable will, the deep hatred, and the courage to fight till death still remain. (P71) 3) This passage shows Satan’s will not to submit (服从), and the desire to long for freedom; to beg God for mercy and worship his power is more shameful and disgraceful than the downfall.(P71) 5.“If he be not apt to beat over matters, let him study the lawyer’s cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.” Questions: 3)What does “beat over matters” mean? 4)What does “receipt’ refer to? 5)From which essay does the above sentences come, what is the essay mainly about? 参考答案： 1)It means: make through examinations of things. (P63) 2)“Receipt” refers to cure, prescription. (P63) 3)The sentences are from “Of Studies” (Francis Bacon). It is the most popular of bacon’s essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character. (P60—61) 6.“What, is great Mephistophilis to passionate For being deprived of the joys of heaven? Learn thou of Faustus manly fortitude And scorn those joys thou never shalt possess. …… Say he will spare him Four and twenty years Letting him live in all voluptuousness Having thee ever to attend on me… Questions: 1)Identify the passage and author; 2)“Say he surrenders up to him his soul”, who will surrender his soul? What for? 3)Who are thee? What will he do? 参考答案： 1) The passage comes from “Dr.Faustus” written by Christopher Marlowe. (P25—26) 2) Dr.Faustus will surrender his soul to devil. Because he was a great scholar who has a strong desire to ’get knowledge’ in vain, finally he ’made a bond’ to sell his soul to Devil in return for 24 years of life in which he may get anything he desires. (P22) 3) The “thee”, refers to “Mephistophilis”, the Devil’s servant. He helped Dr.Faustus to do anything he wants. (P22) 7.“Busy old fool, unruly sun, Why does thou thus, Through windows and through curtains call on us?” Questions: 6)Identify the work and author. 7)What idea does the passage express? 参考答案: 1)The passage comes from “The Sun Rising”, written by ’John Donne’. (P66) 2) The speaker questions the sun’s authority and speaks condescendingly, placing the sun in the status of a subordinate. In the lover’s kingdom, the sun has no right to dictate the time of day or the passing of seasons. His presence in their bedchamber is an intrusion on their privacy. III. Questions and answers: 1.How do you know about Renaissance? Give a summery about English literature in the period? (No more than 150 words) 参考答案: 1.The Renaissance refers to the period between 14th----mid-17th century. It first started in Italy. 2.The Renaissance means rebirth or revival----the discovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. 3.In essence, The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of the old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of Roman Catholic church. 4.Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. The humanism exalted/praised human nature and emphasized the dignity of human beings and the present life. They thought man had the right to enjoy the beauty of life and had the ability to perfect himself and made wonders, which got ready for the appearance of the great Elizabethan writers in Britain. Poetry and drama were the most outstanding literary forms. 5.Shakespeare, Marlowe and Francis Bacon etc. were the remarkable representatives of the English Renaissance. (可参考课本P7---12) 2. Please give a brief analysis of Hamlet’s “To be or not to be” soliloquy (独白). 参考答案: “To be or not to be” is ’a philosophical exploration of life and death’. The soliloquy condemned the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption of the world, and revealed the character of Hamlet---so ’speculative, questioning, contemplative and melancholy./gloomy’. It was not because he was not able to take action to revenge, but because of his ’hesitative/hesitant character’, when the chance for action came, it seemed defeat. It can be interpreted as: Hamlet bears the heavy burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, he is forced to live in the suspense of facts and fiction, language and action. He considers that it would be better to ’commit suicide’, but being scared of what might happen to him in the afterlife. So he put off the thing because of the sin. He considers the plan carefully only to find reason for not carrying it out. The soliloquy conveys ’the sense of world-weariness (厌世)’ . (P33-34) 3. What common features do the characters share in Marlow’s works? (No more than 150 words) 参考答案: The creation of The Renaissance hero is one of Marlow’s contributions. 1)Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from god and men. They had human dignity and capacity, trying to get heaven/highest ideas on the earth by their own efforts. 2)For example: Tamburlaine is a character written by Marlowe. By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal forc4e in conquering, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of man for infinite/ limitless power and authority. In Dr.Faustus, Marlowe celebrated the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness. 3) Tamburlaine and Dr.Faustus are typical in owning such Renaissance spirit, Tamburlaine, being a cruel conquer, found happiness in conquering other kingdom. Only death could defeat him. While Dr.Faustus, a more introspective and philosophical figure, had high spirit for knowledge but he had sin for having despair in God and trust in Devil. (P20—22) 4. What are the main themes of Shakespeare’s plays? 参考答案： Shakespeare’s plays are divided into 3 types: comedies, tragedies and historical plays. 1) His historical plays are with the theme-----national unity under a might and just sovereign/ruler is necessary. 2)In his romantic comedies, he takes an optimistic attitude toward love friendship and youth. 3)In his tragedies, Shakespeare always portrays some noble heroes, who faces the injustice of life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of his nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature. We also see the conflict between the individual and the evil force in the society. And his major characters are always individuals representing certain types. 5. Please comment on the character of Satan in “Paradise Lost.” 参考答案： Satan is a rebellious (叛逆的) figure against God in literature, defeated, he and his rebel angels were cast into hell. However, Satan refused to accept his failure, swearing that “all was not lost” and that he would revenge for his downfall. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Satan’s character, which was the important spirit of the rising middle class. While he tempted Adam and Eve, which proved his evilness. 6. What are the characteristics of the Humanism? 参考答案： 1)’Humanism’ is the essence of Renaissance. 2)Humanists see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise (轻视) but to ’question, explore, and enjoy’. 3)They also believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders (创造奇迹). (P8) Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period I. Choose the right answer: 1. ____brings Henry Fielding the name of the "Prose Homer". A.The Pilgrim’s Progress B.Tom Jones C.Robison Crusoe D.Colonel Jack Answer: B (P122) 2. Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poems and finally brought to its last perfection ______Dryden had successfully used in his plays. A.the heroic couplet B.the free verse C.the blank verse D.the Spenserian stanza Answer: A (P92) 3. Of all the 18th century novelists ___was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specially a "comic epic in prose." A.Henry Fielding B.Daniel Defoe C.Jonathan Swift D.John Bunyan Answer: A (P120) 4. ____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.Genesis A B.The Holy War C.The Pilgrims progress D.Exodus Answer: C (P85) 5. In which of the following works can you find the proper names "Lilliput", "Brobdingnag", "Houyhnhnm" and "Yahoo"? A.The Pilgrim’s Progress B.The Faririe Queene C.Gulliver’s travels D.The School of Scandel Answer: C (P108) 6. "As shades more sweetly recommend the light, So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit; For works may have more wit than does’em good As bodies perish through excess of blood." In the above lines, Pope tries to sat that_______. A.more wit will make better poetry B.plainness is more important than wit in poetry C.too much wit will destroy good poetry D.plainness will make wit dull Answer: C (P93-94) 7. The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope is written in the form of a mock______, which describes the triviality of high society in a grand style. A.epic B.elegy C.sonnet D.ode Answer: A (P92) 8. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Samuel Johnson’s language style? A.His sentences are long and well structured. B.His sentences are interwoven with parallel words. C.He tends to use informal and colloquial words. D.His sentences are complicated, but his thoughts are clearly expressed. Answer: C (P132) 9. "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave, Awaits alike the inevitable hour. In the above quoted passage, Thomas Gray intends to say that great family, power, beauty and wealth___________. A.will never make people lead to the same destination----paths of glory. B.will inevitably make people realize their glorious dreams C.are the very best things to lead people to their glories D.will never prevent people from reaching their final destination---grave. Answer: D (P154) 10. ____has been regarded by some as "Father of the English novel" for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. A.John Bunyan B.Henry Fielding C.Daniel Defoe D.Johnathan Swift Answer: B (P121) 11. ____was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes and tried to awaken men to this folly and hoped to cure them of it through his writing. A.Samuel Johnson B.Jonathan Swift C.Richard Brinsley Sheridan D.Thomas Gray Answer: A (P132) 12. ____was the only important dramatist of the 18th century, in his plays, morality is the constant theme. A.Alexander Pope B.Richard Brinsley Sheridan C.Samuel Johnson D.George Bernard Shaw Answer: B (P136) 13. As the representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce___to England. A.Rationalism B.Criticism C.Romanticism D.Realism Answer: A (P91) 14. The Rivals and ____are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. A.The School for Scandal B.The Duenna C.Widower’s Houses D.The Doctor’s Dilemma Answer: A (P137) 15. ____is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(道德沦丧) of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th century England. A.The Rivals B.Gulliver’s Travels C.Toms Jones D.The School for Scandal Answer: D (P138) 16. The poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" by Thomas Gray is regarded as the most representative work of _____. A.The Metaphysical School B.The Graveyard School C.The Gothic School D.The Romantic School Answer: B (P152) 17. _______, written in heroic couplet by Pope, is considered manifesto of English Neoclassicism. A.An Essay of Dramatic Poetry B.An Essay on Criticism C.The Advancing of learning D.An Essay on Freedom Answer: B (P93) 18. ______is a typical feature of Swift’s writings. A.Elegant style B.Causal narration C.Bitter satire D.Complicated sentence structure Answer: C (P107) 19. In the following writings by Henry Fielding, which brings him the name of the "Prose Homer"? A.The Coffee---House Politician. B.The Tragedy of Tragedies. C.The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling. D.The History of Amelia. Answer: C (P120) 20. "Hold! See whether it is or not before you go to the door----I have a particular message for you if it should be my brother." The two sentences are found in ________. A.The School for Scandal B.The Rivals C.The Critic D.The Scheming Lieutenant Answer: A (P139) 21. In terms of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which is wrong? A.The author employs metaphor in this poem. B.The author excessively expresses his personal melancholy. C.Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown. D.He mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them. Answer: B (P152-153) 22. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are________. A.horses that are endowed with reason. B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualities C.giants that are superior in wisdom. D.Hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways. Answer: A (P108) II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions: 1. "Words are like leaves; and where they most abound, Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found. False eloquence, like the prismatic glass, Its gaudy colors spreads on every place; The face of Nature we no more survey, All glares alike, without distinction gay." Questions: 1) Identify the author and the passage; 2) Name the devices used in the passage with examples; 3) Explain "Words….found". 4) What is the mainly implied idea of the passage? 参考答案： 1) The passage is from Pope’s "An Essay on Criticism". (P94) 2) In the passage the author used "Simile" the device, e.g. "Words are like leaves" and "false eloquence, like the prismatic glass’ etc. 3) The sentence means: Where/When too many words are used, they seldom express much sense. 4) The passage implies authors shouldn’t stress too much the artificial use of Conceit or the external beauty of language, they should pay special attention to True Wit, which is best set in the plain style. (just as too many leaves will cover the fruits, too gaudy/ showy glass will hide the face the Nature, too false and eloquent language will hide the Wit in the articles.) 2. "Let not Ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys, and destiny obscure; Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the poor. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave, Awaits alike the inevitable hour. The paths of glory lead but to the grave." Questions: 1) Identify the author and the works; 2) What does "the inevitable hour"? 3) Explain the first stanza; 4) What does the whole passage imply. 参考答案： 1) This is Thomas Gray’s "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard". 托马斯·格雷的《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》(P154) 2) "The inevitable hour" means time of death. (P156) 3) The first stanza means: The men with ambition and high position shouldn’t laugh at the ordinary people for their simple life and hard work. 4) In the passage, the poet reflects on the death----no matter how poor or wealthy, or how important and humble, every is equal before death, the author gives much sympathy to the poor and unknown (P153) III. Questions and answers: 1.Please analyze the Neoclassical period and the characters of the literature. 参考答案： 1)The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798, also known as "the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason". 2)Its background was: a.It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values; b.It was an age of fast development for English to become the first powerful capitalist country in the world; c.It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly. 3)In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement. 4)The Enlighteners believed in self-restraint, self-reliance and hard work;They celebrated reason/rationality, equality and science. They advocated universal education, which could make people rational and prefect, they believed. 5)In literature, The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the ancient Greek and Roman classical works; the works at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing; having fixed laws and rules for every type of the literature; among which prose and the modern English novel predominated the age. (At the end of the age sentimentalism and Gothic Novel appeared.) 6) The age was an important age with the remarkable authors Pope, Defoe, etc. 2.Please cite examples from "Gulliver’s Travels" to explain briefly how did Swift criticized and allude to the government and the society. 参考答案: 1)In the first part of the "Gulliver’s Travels", Swift described the tricks and practices in the competition held before royal members to allude to the fact that the success of the officials was not for their wisdom and excellence but for their skills in the games; 2)In the part 4 of the book, Swift made horses with reason and good qualities. The citizens who are "hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in almost every way" to criticize/satirize all respects of the English and European life, and urge people to consider the nature of the human and life. (P108-109) 3. People always say that: "As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class" . How do you understand this sentence? Please explain it with the character of him. 参考答案： 1) In most of his works, Defoe gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the lower-class people. Robinson Crusoe was such a character. 2) Robison goes out to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned/landed on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally is saved by a ship and returns to England. During the period Robinson leads a harsh and lonely life and survives by growing corps, taming animals, etc. growing from a naive young man into a hardened man. 3) With a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy (精力充沛), courage and persistence in overcoming difficulties（在克服困难方面持之以恒）, in struggling against nature, Crusoe becomes the prototype / representative of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. （他是大英帝国缔造者的完美典范，同时也是殖民者的先驱）． 4) In the novel, Defoe glorified human labor and the puritan fortitude which the middle class praised highly, so he can be regarded as a spokesman of the bourgeois. (P98-100) Chapter 3 The Romantic Period I. Choose the right answer: 1. The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less______ attitude toward the existing social and political conditions. A.positive B.negative C.neutral D.indifferent Answer: B (P160) 2. It is _____who established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. A.Jean Jacques Rousseau B.Johann Wolfgang von Goethe C.Edmund Burke D.Thomas Paine Answer: A (P157) 3. The two major novelists of the English Romantic Period are _____and Walter Scott. A.Washington Irving B.Jane Austen C.Herman Melville D.Charles Dickens Answer: B (P165) 4. _____defines the poet as "man speaking to men," and poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility." A.William Blake B.William Wordsworth C.Samuel Taylor Coleridge D.John Keats Answer: B (P161) 5. For the Romantics, ____is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. A.love B.man C.nature D.death Answer: C (P162) 6. In the Romantic period, ____is the most prosperous literary form. A.prose B.poetry C.fiction D.play Answer: B (P161) 7. The tone of literature in "Song of Experience" by William Blake is _______. A.doleful B.lively C.plain D.utter Answer: A (doleful: 悲哀的P168-169) 8. _____is regarded as a "worship of nature". A.John Keats B.William Blake C.William Wordsworth D.Jane Austen Answer: C (P176) 9. Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth? A.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud. B.Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802. C.The Solitary Reaper. D.The Chimney Sweeper. Answer: D (P179---182) 10. Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about________. A.love B.human life C.freedom D.social activities Answer: B (P176) 11. "Don Juan" is Byron’s masterpiece, a great ______of the early 19th century. A.comedy B.tragedy C.comic epic D.novel Answer: C (P194) 12. In his lyrics such as "Ode to Liberty", "Ode to Naples", Percy Bysshe Shelly expressed his love for_____ and his hatred toward tyranny. A.the middle class B.the poor C.freedom D.the proletariat Answer: C (P207) 13. "Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; / Destroy and Preserver; hear, O hear!" The two lines are found in_____. A.Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne B.Ode to the West Wind by Shelly C.Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman D.Ulysses by Joyce Answer: B (P212) 14. In Shelly’s "To a Skylark", the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet________. A.both celestial rapture and human limitation B.both image creation and profound meaning C.both music and words D.both inspiration and skills of writing Answer: A (P206) 15. The author of "Ode on a Grecian Urn" is __________. A.Wordsworth B.Austen C.Byron D.Keats Answer: D (217) 16. Jane Austen’s first novel is __________. A.Pride and Prejudice B.Sense and Sensibility C.Emma D.Plan of a Novel Answer: B (P222) 17. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, which is not true? A.Pride and Prejudice is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novels. B.Pride and Prejudice is originally drafted as "First Impressions". C.Pride and Prejudice is a tragic novel. D.In this novel, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits. Answer: C (P223-225) 18. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we may come to know that Mrs.Bennet is a woman of_______. A.simple character and poor understanding B.simple character and quick wit C.intricate character and quick wit D.intricate character and poor understanding Answer: A (P227) 19. Romanticism is a period of British literature roughly dated from _________. A.1660-----1798 B.1798----1832 C.1483-----1546 D.1836-----1901 Answer: B (P157) 20. Which of the following is the Gothic novel? A.Shelly’s Prometheus Unbound B.Keats’ Lamia C.Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein D.Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Answer: C (P166) 21.The lines "It was a miracle of rare device, / A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice" are found in__________. A.Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s "Kubla Khan" B.William Wordsworth’s Lines Written in Early Spring" C.John Keats’s "Ode to Autumn" D.Percy Bysshe Shelly’s "Ode to the West Wind" Answer: A (P190---191) 22. Which of the following is taken from John Keats’ "Ode on a Grecial Urn"? A."I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!" B."They are both gone up to the church to pray.’ C."Earth has not anything to show more fair." D."Beauty is truth, truth beauty". Answer: D (P221) II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions: 1. "A little black thing among the snow Crying "’weep! ’weep! In notes of woe "where are thy father & mother? Say? " "They are both gone up to the church to prey." (1)Identify the poem and poet. (2)Explain "notes of woe". (3)What does the sentence mean "they ate both gone up to the church to prey." Answer: (1)It is from "The Chimney Sweeper (from songs of experience) by Blake.(P172) (2)"notes of woe" means the songs/notes of sadness. (3)It implies: religion is the instrument of their repression/ oppression, its nature is to help bring misery to the poor children.(P169) 2. "The isles of Greece, the isles of Greece! Where burning Sappho loved and sung, Where grew the arts of war and peace, Where Delos rose, and Phoebus sprung! Eternal summer gilds them all, But all, except their sun, is set." (1)Identify the poem and its author; (2)What does it mean "But all, except their sun, is set." (3)What does the passage imply? Answer: (1)The poet is Byron. The poem is taken from "The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)" (P199) (2)The sentence means: The sun is still on the rise, but the rest things all set. (3)The passage implied: The author lamented over the fallen Greece: In the past, Greece nurtured/ cultivated great poets and heroes,who enjoyed freedom and civilization, but now Greece had been enslaved,the past honorable history couldn’t be found again. (P199) 3. "With plough and spade and hoe and loom Trace your grave and build your tomb And weave your winding-sheet---till fair England be your Sepulcher" (1)Explain "sepulcher" (2)What was the deep implication of the poem? Answer: (1)Sepulcher means grave. (P210~211) (2)The poem ironically addressed to the workers who submit to capitalist exploitation. It warned them: If they gave up the struggle, they would be digging graves for themselves wish their own hands. (P211) 4. "Thou still unravish’d bride of quietness, Thou foster-child of silence and slow time, Sylvan historian, who canst thus express A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:" (1)Who is the poet? The name? (2)Explain the sentence. (3)What was the theme of the poem? Answer: (1)This is the "ode on a Grecian Um", which was written by the poet---John Keats. (P219) (2)The sentence means: though time has passed, the urn , the works of the art still remains, and it tells a pastoral/lyrical tale to us, and the description of the urn is much more beautiful than the words of any human. (P218) (3)The theme is: Human life is transient, but the art is immortal. (P218) 5. "Place me on Sunium’s marbles steep, Where nothing, save the waves and I, May her our mutual murmurs sweep; There, swan like, let me sing and die: A land of slaves shall ne’er be mine--- Dash down you cup of Samian wine!" (1)Identify the poem and its author. (P203) (2)Explain "swan like, let me sing and die" (P199) Interpret the passage and spot its implication. Answer: (1)The poet is Byron. The poem is taken from "The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)" (P203) (2)Swan is famous for its faith to its lover, one of them die, the other will refuse to eat and drink, it will cry till death. Here the author used a simile to show his strong desire to fight with the invaders till death, and appeal to the suppressed Greek people to struggle for their freedom and liberation. 6. "For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dance with the daffodils." (1) What is the "bliss of the solitude"? (2) Interpret the passage. (3) Why did the poet write the poem, what did he want to express? Answer: (1)The Daffodils the poem saw. (P180) (2)It is a bliss/happiness to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind when he is solitude/lonely. (3)The poem depicts/deals with the flowers that he came across along waterside, by which he expresses the quiet, sympathy, loving feeling to nature just like his words "poetry is from "emotion recollected in tranquility". 7. "Then naked & white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind, And the angle told Tom, if he’d be a good bye, He’d have God for his father, and never want joy." (1)Identify the poem and its poet; (2)What does the poem implies? Answer: (1) The poem is take from "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence)", which was written by William Blake.(p171) (2) This is a lovely poem presenting a happy and innocent world, though the wretched child are exploited and orphaned, they had nice dream for life and the world, which implies religion make people obedient to exploitation, and from religion, they can get consolation and an "illusory happiness".(p168) 8. "As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need. Oh! Lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed One too like thee: tameless, and swift and proud." (1)Explain "I fall upon the thorns of life, I bleed" (P208) (2)Can you comprehend the deep emotion contained in the poem? What’s that? (3)The poet was called the "the heart of all hearts", he trumpeted the radical prophecy of hope and rebirth. Please write out his classic words. Answer: (1)The sentence call Shelley’s desire that he couldn’t best being fettered to/limited by the humdrum/too ordinary reality of everyday! (P208) (2)In the poem, the west wind has become the poet himself, he wants to be free, proud and controllable like the wild west wind,to destruct and construct with the strong power like the west wind. (P207~208) (3)"If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" (P208) 9. "O Attic shape! Fair attitude! With brede ………… As doth eternity: cold pastoral!" (1)How do you understand "cold pastoral" (2)What device is used in the poem? (3)Explain the implication of the poem. At the end of the poem, the poet gave a famous saying, and it is also the theme of the poem, what is that? Answer: (1)Cold pastoral means the lyrical scene on the Grecian urn lacks life and warmth. (P222) (2)Contrast. (P218) (3)The poet wanted to show the permanence of the art and the transience of human passion presenting his ambivalence/opposing feelings about time and nature of beauty. The saying is "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" (P218~219) 10. "Where fore feed and Clothe and save From the cradle to the grave Drain your sweat---nay, drink your blood?" (1)Who wrote the poem? What’s its name? (2) Explain "drones", (3) Interpret the passage. Answer: (1)The poem is "A song: Men of England" by Shelley. (P209) (2)Drones the male of the honey-bees that don’t work , referring to the parasitic class in human society. (drones and bees are the devices of metaphor) (P210) (3)The poet called all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but point out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. It expressed the love for freedom and the hatred to tyranny of the author. (P207) 11. "Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere; Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!" (1)What does the "wild spirit "refer to? (2)Why called it "Destroyer and Preserver" at the same time? (3)Identify the poet and the poem. Answer: (1)"wild spirit" refers to west wind/autumn wind. (P212) (2)Because west wind buried the dead year and year and prepared for a new spring, the poet call it "Destroyer and preserver". (3)It is "Ode to the west wind" of Shelley. (terza rima) III. Questions and answers: 1.Please list the subjects and the faculties of the Romanticism. Answer: (1) The subjects are: love, nature, nationalism, individualism, (2) The faculties they cherished are: imagination, spontaneity, inspiration. (P162) 2.William Wordsworth was the first representative author of Rom,How do you know his idea and style? Answer: (1)His poems are most about Nature and Human Life; (2)Beyond the pleasure of the picturesque with the eye and the external aspects of nature, however, lies in deeper moral awareness, a sense of completeness in multiplicity. (it means poem not only deals with the beautiful world, but express moral) (3)Common life and the joy and sorrow of the common people and inner self are his subjects; (4)He is a poet in memory of the past and was called "prophets of nature"; (5)He deliberately writes in simple and ordinary speech , refuses to decorate the truth of experience of pure and profound feeling; (6)He thought poet is "a man speaking to men," poetry is "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility." (7)He always writes an elusive beauty of simplicity or a rural figure. (P176-179) 3.What thoughts and event influenced the period of Romanticism? Answer: (1) Rousseau (a French philosopher) explored new ideas about nature, society and education, which provided guiding priding principles for the French Revolution and Romanticism; (2) The French Revolution and "the Declaration of Rights of Man"(written by Thomas Paine)aroused the great sympathy and enthusiasm in the English liberals and radicals,which became a great source for Romanticism. (3) England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes as industrialism,which were reflected in the works of literature. (P157-159) 4.Byron’s greatest contribution is his creation of the "Byronic hero" What kind of the hero he is? Give comment on him. Answer: (1) "Don Juan" is Byron’s masterpiece, a great comic epic, in which Byron described a hero named Don Juan. He was a great lover and seducer of women. In the conventional sense,al positives like courage, generosity, and frankness… In a word, Don was proud Juan was immoral, but Juan had his own mor, mysterious, and a noble rebel figure. He was a young man with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies, one of rebellious individuals against outworn/outdated social systems and conventions. (2) Comment: The poet’s true intention is to present a panoramic view of different types of society,the main theme of the works the basic ironic theme of appearance and reality,during which the poet also presented various materials and the clash of emotions. (P194-196) 5. What is the difference between Romanticism and Neoclassicism? (Neoclassicism=Augustans=enlightener) Answer: (1)The Romantic Movement expressed negative attitude toward the existing social and political condition, the Romantics saw the corruption and injustice of the inhumanity of capitalism; (2)The Neo saw man as a social; while Rom saw him as an individual in the solitary state; (3)Neo stressed the common features of men; but the Rom stressed the special qualities of each individual’s mind; (4)Neo celebrated rationality, equality and science of the outside world; while Rom changed to the inner world of the human spirit, whose theory saw the individual as the center of all experience; (5)Literature was heavily didactic and moralizing. There were fixed laws for each type of literature; Rom expressed his feeling, valued accuracy in portraying, they thought literature should be free from all rules. (6)The most important form in Neo was prose; while Rom was an age of poetry. (P160-161) 6.Analyze the characters of John Keats’s poetry. Answer: (1)The poems are sensuous, colorful, and rich in imagery, (which expresses the acuteness of his senses) (2)Words are beautiful and musical. (3)The ancient Greek and English poetry provides the most important imaginative resource. (4)The construction of poems are knit, and the description go beyond the physical beauty of the world. (P218-219) 7. Jane Austen was the only important female author in the 18-19th century, how do you know about her? Answer: Generally speaking, Austen was writer of the 18th century. (1)Her novels always dealt with the romantic entanglement of the heroines; (2)She believed in it that reason over passion, sense of responsibility, good manners, and clear judgment over romance; she honored the Augustan virtues of moderation, dignity disciplined emotion and common sense; (3)She contempt snobbery, stupidity, worldliness etc; (4)Her main concern was the relationship between men and women in love; (5)Her writing range was limited, all restricted to the provincial life of the 18th century England; (6)She presented the quiet, day-to-day country life of the middle -upper -class English. (7)Her characteristic theme was: maturity is got by the loss of illusions. (P223--226) Chapter 4 The Victorian Period I. Choose the right answer: Chronologically the Victorian refers to__________. A.1798---1832 B.1836---1901 C.the Romantic period D.the Neoclassical Period Answer: B (P233) ____works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos. A.Thomas Hardy’s B.Charles Dickens’s C.Charlotte Bronte’s D.George Eliot’s Answer: B (P241) 3. _____is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the underworld in the 19th century London. A.Oliver Twist B.Great Expectations C.David Copper Field D.Hard Times Answer: A (P243) ____is an elaborate and powerful expression of Alfred Tennyson’s philosophical and religious thoughts. A.Idylls of the King B.“Ulysses” C.Poems, Chieoqy Lyrical] D.In Memoriam Answer: D (P274) 4. The most distinguishing feature of Charles Dickens’s works lies in his ______. A.social criticism B.optimism C.character-portrayal D.social setting Answer: C (P241) _____is based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. A.In Memoriam B.“Ulysses” C.Idylls of the King D.The Princess Answer: C (P275) 5. _____is Robert Browning’s best-known dramatic monologue. A.“My Last Duches” B.“Meeting at Night” C.“Parting at Morning” D.“Pippa Passes” Answer: A (P287) 6. _____initiates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel. A.Charles Dickens B.George Eliot C.Charlotte Bronte D.Thomas hardy Answer: B (P292) 7. _____works are known as “novels of characters and environment.” A.Charles Dickens’s B.George Eliot’s C.Jane Austen’s D.Geroge Eliot’s Answer: B (P300) 8. ____belives that man’s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of ‘nature”, both inside and outside. A.Charles Dickens B.Thomas hardy C.Bernard Shaw D.T.S. Eliot Answer: B (P301) 9. The author of the work “Dombey and Son” is _________. A.Charles Dickens B.Henry James C.Robert Lee Frost D.Ezra Pound Answer: A (P239—240) 10. The most important characteristic in Ulysses by Alfred Tennyson is _______. A.mastering of language B.excellent choice of words C.use of the dramatic monologue D.excellent metaphor Answer: C (P273) 11. “Self-conceited”, “cruel” and “tyrannical” are most likely the names of the character in______. A.Robert Browning’s ‘My Last Duchess’ B.Christopher Marlowe’s ‘Dr.Faustus’ C.Shakespeare’s Love’s ‘Labour’s lost’ D.Sheridan’s ‘The School for Scandal’ Answer: A (P287) 12. Robert Browning’s style is_______. A.identical with that of the other Victorian B.similar to that of Tennyson C.perfectly artistic D.rough and disproportionate in appearance Answer: D (P285) 13. According to D.H. Lawrence, _____was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside”. A.George Eliot B.Thomas Hardy C.Charles Dickens D.T.S. Eliot Answer: A (P236) 14. Middlemarch is considered to be George Eliot’s greatest novel, owing to all the following reasons EXCEPT_______. A.it vividly English country life B.it probed into perpetual philosophical thoughts C.it provides a panoramic view of life D.it reveals women’s true feelings Answer: B (P293) 15. ‘Every day, every hour, brought to him one more little stroke of her nature, and to her one more of his”, the sentence is found in_____. A.Middlemarch by George Eliot B.Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy C.Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte D.Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Answer: B (P309) 16. Which of the following best describes the protagonist (Henchard) of Thomas Hardy’s “The Mayor of the Casterbridge”? A.He is a man of self-esteem B.He is a man of self-contempt C.He is a man of self-confidence D.He is a man of self-sufficiency Answer: D (P300) 17. Which of the following description of Thomas Hardy is wrong? A.Most of his novels are set in Wessex. B.Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer. C.Among Hardy’s major works, Under the Greenwood Tree is the most cheerful and idyllic. D.From The Mayor of Casterbridge on, the tragic sense becomes the keynote of his novels. Answer: D (P299---302) 18. Charlotte’s works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class working women, particularly________. A.governesses B.clerks C.baby-sitters D.managers Answer: A (P255) II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions: “You teach me now how cruel you’ve ---cruel and false. Why did you despise me? Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort---you deserve this…” Who is the speaker? What does it refer to “you despise me, you break your own heart”? What was the meaning of the story from the social point of view? What is the main device of the story in description? Answer: The speaker was Heathcliff.(P270—271) It refers to Cathy married her husband (Linton) and deserted him and her own love. From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man –Heathcliff abused, betrayed and distorted by his social betters/by the people with higher social position, because he is a poor nobody. (P266) Flashback. (P267) “In pursuance of this determination, little Oliver, to his excessive astonishment, was released from bondage, and ordered to put himself into a clean shirt. He had hardly achieved this very unusual gymnastic performance when Mr. Bumble brought him, with his own hands, a basin of gruel and the holiday allowance of two ounces and a quarter of bread. A very tremendous sight, Oliver begins to cry very piteously. Thinking, not unnaturally, that the board must have decided to kill him for some useful purpose, or they never would have begun to fatten him up in this way.” Identify the title and the writer. Why Oliver was released from the bondage? Why had he been punished? Interpret “A very tremendous sight”. Answer: This is an excerpt from “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens. (P249) Because he would be sold to a notorious chimney-sweeper (at 3 pound ten) and became his apprentice. (P243) Oliver was punished for that “impious and profane offence of asking for more gruel.” (P242)] From the passage we can see the food is so little and poor in fact, but in the little Oliver’s eyes, it became “A very tremendous sight”. Because in the usual days Oliver and other children were maltreated and abused cruelly, they couldn’t eat well and were punished severely by the cruelty and hypocrisy of the dehumanizing workhouse board. (P243) “Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me! And may there be no moaning of the bar, When I put out to sea.” Explain the implications of the “sunset, evening star, sea”. Name the title of the poem and interpret it. Can you say some comment on the poem? Answer: Sunset, evening star: the images of the death; sea symbolizes life. (P277—278) The title is “Crossing the Bar”. It means leaving this world and entering the next world –the world of the spirit The poem expresses the fearlessness to death of the poet and his faith in God and an afterlife. (The poem is musical in language, rich in poetic images, elaborate in texture and melancholy in air –the characters of Tennyson.) (P273/P278) “My favour at her breast, The dropping of the daylight in the west, The bough of cherries some officious fool Broke in the orchard of her, the white mule She rode with round the terrace –all and each Would draw from her alike the approving speech, Or blush, at least. She thanked men –good! But thanked Somehow –I know not how –as if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name With anybody’s gift” Name the author and the title of the works. What does it mean “a nine-hundred-years-old name”, and to whom the word was spoken? Interpret the passage and analyze the character of the speaker. What is the literary form? Answer: This is the “My last Duchess” written by Robert Browning. (P286) It means the title of the Duchess (of Ferrara) the Duck gave her through marriage has a family history of over 900 years. (P288) Interpret: My favor –the title of the Duchess is better and more proud than any gifts of the world, but my last duchess was ready to be grateful to others’ flatter and The Duck was a self-conceited, cruel, possessive, and tyrannical person. The word was spoken to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage of the Duck. (P287) The literary form is “dramatic monologue”. (the Duck’s own defensive words betrays and condemns himself) (P287) “I will drink Life to the lees: all times I have enjoy’d Greatly, have suffer’d greatly, both with those That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when Thro’ scudding drifts the rainy Hyades Vext the dim sea: …… ……but honour’d of them all” Identify the name of the poem. Explain “drink life to the lees”. What is the theme of the poem? In what form is the poem written? Answer: The name of the poem is “Ulysses”. (P278) The sentence means: I will keep travelling and exploring till the end of my life. (P281) The theme is Ulysses can’t endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuaded his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge. (the poem also expresses Tennyson’s own determination and courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness and aspiration/anxiety of the age.) (P281) The literary form is “dramatic monologue”. (P281) “Come, Tess, Tell me in confidence.” … “The trees have inquisitive eyes, haven’t they? … and drive all such horrid fancies away!” 1) Interpret the passage. Answer: Tess, as pure woman brought up with the traditional ideas, is abused and destroyed by the destructive force, and the misery made her frightened to the future, which implied the naturalistic viewpoint of Hardy. (P303) 7. “Break, break, break, On thy cold grey stones, O Sea! And I would that my tongue could utter The thought that arise in me.” Name the poet and the poem. Name the main tone of the whole poem, the device and the rhyme. Interpret the passage. Answer: Alfred Tennyson. “Break, Break, Break”. (P276) The main tone is Sadness. The device is contract. The rhyme scheme is “a b c d”. (P277) The poem expressed the poet’s feeling of sadness in memory of his best friend. (P276) III. Questions and answers: Ideologically, what influenced Victorian literature? What characters does it have? Darwin’s theory “the survival of the fittest” shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith, many authors expressed their doubts and uncertainty in their works; Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced, many conscious authors severely criticized the Utilitarianism, especially its devalue of culture and its cold indifference to human feeling and imagination; Realism novels criticized the society and defended for the mass, and they concerned about the fate of the common people such as their poverty misery, angry with the inhuman social institution, the social immorality, injustice and money-worship. Victorian literature represents the reality of the age. The high-spirit vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humour and unbound imagination are unprecedented. (P235—237) Jane Eyre is the greatest governess image in the literature history; can you analyze the character of her? Jane Eyre was a little plain governess with quick wit, honesty, frankness, loving heart and the spirit of independence and self-dignity. In literature, she is an individual conscious to self-realization. She was lonely and neglected young woman with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life. In author’s mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual struggle between sin and virtue, good and evil. The heroines’ joy, comes from the sacrifice of self and the overcome of some weakness. By Jane’s experience, we can see the cruelty, hypocrisy, and other evils of the upper classes and the misery and the suffering of the poor, and the false social convention on love and marriage. (P256—259) Analyze the background of the Victorian Period. Economic developed rapidly and social problems prevailed in England and it became the “workshop of the world”. England settled down to a time of prosperity and stability, the people valued earnestness, respectability, modesty, and democracy. In the last decades, British empire declined, and Victorian values decayed. Analyze the character created by George Eliot with an example and his style. George Eliot set a new type of realism –both naturalistic and psychological novel; She sought to present the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal the motives, impulse and hereditary influences, the slow growth or decline of the character; Her masterpiece “Middlemarch” is a study of provincial life, showing a panoramic view of life in a small English town; She concerned for the destiny of women, the heroin in “Middlemarch” –Dorothea, was a typical character of Eliot. She was a lady with great intelligence, potential and social aspiration. She had the ideals to devote to the society, later, she married an elder man to realize her ideals by helping him in the holy Christianity Career. At the end of the story, she became content with giving her second husband “wifely help”. From her experience, we can see Eliot’s view: women were born with the pathetic tragedy. Her spirit declined owing to the social environment and her own weakness. (the story is full of an air of a lifeless bitterness and disappointment) (P292—294) Analyze the style of Charles Dickens. Adeptness/skilfulness with the vernacular and large vocabulary; The most distinguishing/remarkable character-portrayal; The best writing from the child’s point of view; (His best depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous, persecuted, helpless children) The depiction of those horrible and grotesque characters; The mingling/mixing features of humor and pathos/sorrow. (P241) How do you know the naturalistic idea of Hardy? The tragic sense is the keynote of Hardy’s novels, and he is a nostalgic author. Hardy’s novels always set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and crude region, which is threatened by the invading capitalism, expressing the conflict between the traditional and the modern, the old and the modern. Man’s fate is tragic with born, driven by the force of the nature of outside and inside, and man is bound by his inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for happiness or success, and set him in conflict with the environment; we can see he is influenced greatly by Darwin’s theory “survival of the fittest”. Man proves to be incompetent/impotent before Fate, and he seldom escapes his destiny. The pessimistic view of life predominates most works of Hardy, which earns him the name of a naturalistic writer. Hardy is noted for he rustic dialect and a poetic flavor, so he is also called local-colorist. (P300--302) 详见:http://www.engbus.com/showthread.php?t=704 |
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